{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T12:37:07Z","timestamp":1767875827839,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of mortality among hemodialysis (HD) patients, underscoring the need for reliable biomarkers for early diagnosis and management. Serum intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) has been investigated for years as a potential CVD marker but has yet to establish clinical utility. In a cohort of 142 HD patients, we examined the potential of serum ICAM-1 as a CVD biomarker and evaluated whether confounding factors, including low-grade inflammation and chronic kidney disease\u2013mineral bone disorder (CKD-MBD), limit its diagnostic value. In addition to serum ICAM-1, routine biochemical parameters, bone alkaline phosphatase (bALP), and nitric oxide (NO) were measured. Serum levels of ICAM-1, bALP, and NO did not differ between patients with and without CVD, defined by a positive history of coronary heart disease, stroke, or peripheral arterial disease. Serum ICAM-1 concentrations were higher in HD patients with inflammation, as indicated by C-reactive protein levels &gt;1 mg\/dL. ICAM-1 showed no correlation with NO, a marker of endothelial dysfunction, but was positively correlated with bALP, a marker of CKD-MBD. In conclusion, serum ICAM-1 is not a reliable biomarker of CVD in HD patients. Its diagnostic utility appears confounded by inflammation and disturbances in bone turnover.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom16010102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T14:02:51Z","timestamp":1767794571000},"page":"102","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Inflammation and Dysregulated Bone Turnover Confound Serum ICAM-1 as a Cardiovascular Marker in Hemodialysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Divani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, Mezourlo Hill, 41110 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aikaterini","family":"Katsanaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, Mezourlo Hill, 41110 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Panagiota","family":"Makri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, Mezourlo Hill, 41110 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Poulianiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, Mezourlo Hill, 41110 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0708-8740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evangelos","family":"Lykotsetas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, Mezourlo Hill, 41110 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9242-538X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andriani","family":"Balatsouka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, Mezourlo Hill, 41110 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7206-2716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Tziastoudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, Mezourlo Hill, 41110 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Stefanidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, Mezourlo Hill, 41110 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9302-1633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theodoros","family":"Eleftheriadis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, Mezourlo Hill, 41110 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.050686","article-title":"Cardiovascular Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"143","author":"Jankowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S112","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.1998.v32.pm9820470","article-title":"Clinical epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in chronic renal disease","volume":"32","author":"Foley","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. 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