{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T03:12:07Z","timestamp":1792725127608,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated vaccine innovation but also exposed weaknesses in global access and manufacturing. Yeast-based platforms, particularly Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia pastoris, also known as Komagataella phaffii, offer a practical complement to vector systems. These eukaryotic microorganisms combine safety, scalability, and cost-effectiveness with the ability to express complex antigens and assemble virus-like particles. Building on the success of the recombinant hepatitis B vaccine, recent advances in glycoengineering, CRISPR-based host optimization, and surface display technologies have expanded the utility of yeast-based platforms for the rapid development of vaccines. Yeast-derived SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) subunit vaccines, such as Corbevax and Abdala (CIGB-66), demonstrate that affordable, immunogenic, and thermostable products are feasible at scale. Emerging innovations in glycan humanization, thermostable formulations, and oral or mucosal delivery highlight the potential of yeast-based vaccines for decentralized manufacturing and equitable pandemic preparedness. This review summarizes recent technical and clinical progress in yeast-based vaccine research, positioning these platforms as accessible and adaptable tools for future outbreak responses and global immunization strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom16010116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T11:11:21Z","timestamp":1767870681000},"page":"116","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Yeast-Based Vaccine Platforms: Applications and Key Insights from the COVID-19 Era"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5620-633X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piyush","family":"Baindara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Science Research Center, Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"},{"name":"National Swine Testing Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1841-2305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roy","family":"Dinata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Science Research Center, Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"},{"name":"National Swine Testing Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1922-0030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ravinder","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"942","article-title":"COVID-19 Vaccines Averted 2.5 Million Deaths, Mostly Among Older Adults","volume":"334","author":"Anderer","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e252223","DOI":"10.1001\/jamahealthforum.2025.2223","article-title":"Global Estimates of Lives and Life-Years Saved by COVID-19 Vaccination During 2020\u20132024","volume":"6","author":"Ioannidis","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Health Forum"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2025, November 14). 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