{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T05:15:34Z","timestamp":1792905334621,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Transforming Growth Factor-\u03b2 (TGF-\u03b2) superfamily comprises highly conserved cytokines that orchestrate key cellular functions, including proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Within the ovary, TGF-\u03b2 family members serve as pivotal regulators of folliculogenesis, exerting stage-specific actions from embryonic germ cell development to advanced follicular maturation. During fetal development, activins and SMAD-dependent signaling pathways are essential for primordial germ cell proliferation, survival, and the breakdown of germ cell cysts, enabling the establishment of the primordial follicle pool. Throughout folliculogenesis, TGF-\u03b2 supports follicle activation, promotes the transition from dormant to growing follicles, stimulates granulosa cell proliferation, sustains follicular viability, and modulates steroidogenesis through theca cell regulation. Notably, anti-m\u00fcllerian hormone, a TGF-\u03b2 family member, plays a central role in inhibiting premature follicle recruitment and serves as a key biomarker of ovarian reserve. Dysregulation of TGF-\u03b2 signaling contributes to various ovarian disorders, including polycystic ovary syndrome and premature ovarian insufficiency. A deeper understanding of these complex signaling networks is critical for identifying novel therapeutic targets and advancing clinical interventions in female reproductive pathologies. This review provides an integrated overview of the roles of the TGF-\u03b2 superfamily in ovarian physiology and its contributions to disease development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom16010130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T10:25:23Z","timestamp":1768213523000},"page":"130","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["TGF-\u03b2 Signaling in the Pathophysiology of the Ovary: A Double-Edged Regulator"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Nicole","family":"Bertani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departmental Faculty of Medicine, UniCamillus-Saint Camillus International University of Health and Medical Sciences, 00131 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Alteri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departmental Faculty of Medicine, UniCamillus-Saint 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