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Although the precise etiology remains unclear, numerous clinical investigations have established inflammation as a pivotal factor in its pathogenesis, encompassing uroepithelial damage, mast cell activation, and neuroinflammatory responses. This review delineates the pathological features and classification of IC\/BPS, emphasizing the contribution of inflammatory mechanisms and the involvement of cytokines as key mediators in disease progression. The insights presented aim to guide the advancement of innovative treatment approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom16010138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T08:17:32Z","timestamp":1768292252000},"page":"138","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Advances in Cytokines and Inflammatory Mechanisms in the Pathogenesis of Interstitial Cystitis\/Bladder Pain Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yulin","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 W Tianhe Rd., Guangzhou 510630, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8661-1977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donglin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 W Tianhe Rd., Guangzhou 510630, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangfu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 W Tianhe Rd., Guangzhou 510630, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-019-04075-9","article-title":"Biomarkers in the Diagnosis and Symptom Assessment of Patients with Bladder Pain Syndrome: A Systematic Review","volume":"30","author":"Magalhaes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. 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