{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T23:06:54Z","timestamp":1789168014686,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["24K12199"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24K12199"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sepsis is a life-threatening condition characterized by a dysregulated host response to infection, often resulting in multiorgan dysfunction. Among affected systems, the gastrointestinal tract plays a central role in sepsis progression by promoting systemic inflammation through impaired barrier function, immune imbalance, and microbiome alterations. Recent research has identified selected medical gases and gasotransmitters as promising therapeutic candidates for preserving gut integrity in sepsis. In particular, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen sulfide exhibit antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and cytoprotective properties. These gases act through defined molecular pathways, including activation of Nrf2, inhibition of NF-\u03baB, and preservation of tight junction integrity, thereby supporting intestinal barrier function. In addition, they influence immune cell phenotypes and autophagy, with indirect effects on the gut microbiome. Although most supporting evidence derives from preclinical models, translational findings and emerging safety data highlight the potential of gut-targeted gas-based strategies. This review summarizes current mechanistic and translational evidence for gut-protective medical gases in sepsis and discusses their integration into future organ-specific and mechanism-based therapeutic approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom16020199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T15:04:46Z","timestamp":1769612686000},"page":"199","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Targeting the Gut in Sepsis: Therapeutic Potential of Medical Gases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1766-8026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tetsuya","family":"Yumoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency, Critical Care, and Disaster Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takafumi","family":"Obara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency, Critical Care, and Disaster Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7308-1716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiromichi","family":"Naito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency, Critical Care, and Disaster Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6818-2985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atsunori","family":"Nakao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency, Critical Care, and Disaster Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32989-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990\u20132017: Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"395","author":"Rudd","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287","article-title":"The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (sepsis-3)","volume":"315","author":"Singer","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2014.01.007","article-title":"Why have clinical trials in sepsis failed?","volume":"20","author":"Marshall","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Mol. 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