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To investigate the molecular basis, we performed RNA-seq on dissected brains and gnathal ganglion (GNG) from fifth-instar larvae, revealing 944 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that are potentially involved in feeding behaviors. Bioinformatic analyses revealed significant enrichment of these DEGs in pathways including \u201ctaste transduction\u201d, \u201cneuroactive ligand\u2013receptor interaction\u201d, and \u201cfeeding behavior\u201d. Furthermore, 41 candidate genes closely associated with feeding behaviors were screened, including neuropeptides, neuropeptide receptors, gustatory receptors, and feeding-mediated proteins. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that these key genes are evolutionarily conserved. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) results confirmed that most of these candidate genes were significantly upregulated during the fifth instar stage, and their expression was further enhanced under starvation conditions (p &lt; 0.05). Our study presents the first systemic feeding-mediated transcriptomic profile in the insect central nervous system and identifies key feeding-mediated genes in H. armigera larvae. These findings advance our understanding of the molecular basis of feeding in Lepidopteran pests and offer potential target genes for developing gustatory-based pest control strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom16020250","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T13:56:23Z","timestamp":1770213383000},"page":"250","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Transcriptome Analysis of the Brain and Gnathal Ganglion Reveals Feeding-Mediated Genes in Helicoverpa armigera Larvae"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Longlong","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan International Laboratory for Green Pest Control, Institute of Chemical Ecology, Henan Engineering Laboratory of Pest Biological Control, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rongmei","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan International Laboratory for Green Pest Control, Institute of Chemical Ecology, Henan Engineering Laboratory of Pest Biological Control, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuting","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan International Laboratory for Green Pest Control, Institute of Chemical Ecology, Henan Engineering Laboratory of Pest Biological Control, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guiying","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan International Laboratory for Green Pest Control, Institute of Chemical Ecology, Henan Engineering Laboratory of Pest Biological Control, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9471-2222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xincheng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan International Laboratory for Green Pest Control, Institute of Chemical Ecology, Henan Engineering Laboratory of Pest Biological Control, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1463-3234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenbo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan International Laboratory for Green Pest Control, Institute of Chemical Ecology, Henan Engineering Laboratory of Pest Biological Control, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7995-504X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingbo","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan International Laboratory for Green Pest Control, Institute of Chemical Ecology, Henan Engineering Laboratory of Pest Biological Control, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Production of Wheat-Maize Double Cropping, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2014.05.008","article-title":"Feeding Regulation in Drosophila","volume":"29","author":"Pool","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. 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