{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T20:15:24Z","timestamp":1792613724166,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004225","name":"Petrobras","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022\/00220-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/00220-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004225","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mental disorders, including anxiety, depression, and bipolar disorder, are frequently associated with metabolic, inflammatory, and behavioral alterations that modulate their clinical expression and increase the risk of physical comorbidities. This cross-sectional study aimed to characterize the profile of inflammatory, metabolic, and cardiac biomarkers in individuals with mental disorders compared to healthy controls, also considering anthropometric and lifestyle indicators. Fifty volunteers were evaluated and distributed into four groups: control, anxiety, depression, and bipolar disorder. All participants completed the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale\u201421 items (DASS-21) and underwent blood collection for the assessment of inflammatory biomarkers such as C-Reactive Protein and its high-sensitivity detection (CRP\/hs-CRP), Interleukins (IL-6, IL-1\u03b2) and Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1), metabolic biomarkers (vitamin D, cortisol, and D-dimer), and cardiac biomarkers such as N-terminal pro-B-type Natriuretic Peptide (NT-proBNP), Creatine Kinase\u2014MB (CK-MB), troponin I (cTnI), and myoglobin (Myo). The results showed a significantly higher body mass index (BMI) in clinical groups, particularly in groups with anxiety and depression. Biomarker analyses revealed significant differences in groups with mental disorders. Elevated levels of CRP (p = 0.0038), hs-CRP (p = 0.0048), and IL-6 (p = 0.0030) were identified in the anxiety group, while the depression group was characterized by reduced vitamin D levels (p = 0.0302). Individuals with bipolar disorder presented significantly higher levels of CK-MB (p = 0.0016), CRP (p &lt; 0.0001), IL-6 (p = 0.0198), and IL-1\u03b2 (p = 0.0067). It was also observed that most individuals with mental disorders did not engage in physical activity. This inactivity was associated with worse emotional scores, higher systemic inflammation, and vitamin D deficiency. These findings reinforce the existence of an integrated axis between metabolism, inflammation, and behavior, in which excess weight, sedentary lifestyle, and nutritional deficiencies synergistically contribute to the maintenance of psychiatric symptoms and metabolic vulnerability. Integrating biomarkers, BMI, and behavioral factors may aid in identifying clinical subphenotypes and guiding more precise and individualized therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom16020260","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T16:30:47Z","timestamp":1770309047000},"page":"260","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Distinct Biomarker Patterns Reveal Metabolic\u2013Inflammatory Profiles Across Mental Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0493-2329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krissia F.","family":"Godoy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Inflammation and Infectious Diseases, Federal University of S\u00e3o Carlos (UFSCar), S\u00e3o Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1277-0083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joice M. A.","family":"Rodolpho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Inflammation and Infectious Diseases, Federal University of S\u00e3o Carlos (UFSCar), S\u00e3o Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7385-1354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaqueline","family":"Bianchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Inflammation and Infectious Diseases, Federal University of S\u00e3o Carlos (UFSCar), S\u00e3o Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3970-7834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruna D. L.","family":"Fragelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Inflammation and Infectious Diseases, Federal University of S\u00e3o Carlos (UFSCar), S\u00e3o Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1036-2051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda O.","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Inflammation and Infectious Diseases, Federal University of S\u00e3o Carlos (UFSCar), S\u00e3o Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7070-9184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciana","family":"Camillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Inflammation and Infectious Diseases, Federal University of S\u00e3o Carlos (UFSCar), S\u00e3o Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7067-8869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustavo B.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic School-Data Science and Artificial Intelligence, Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas (PUC Campinas), Campinas 13087-571, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana A.","family":"Prado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Federal University of S\u00e3o Carlos (UFSCar), S\u00e3o Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Speglich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leopoldo Am\u00e9rico Miguez de Mello Research Center CENPES\/Petrobras, Rio de Janeiro 21941-915, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0571-8516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda F.","family":"Anibal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Inflammation and Infectious Diseases, Federal University of S\u00e3o Carlos (UFSCar), S\u00e3o Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2025, November 05). 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