{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T11:02:21Z","timestamp":1770807741074,"version":"3.50.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014188","name":"Ministry of Science and ICT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2022-NR074334"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2022-NR074334"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014188","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Neuroinflammation is increasingly recognized as an important contributor to Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), yet perioperative immune responses in this population remain incompletely characterized. This study investigated perioperative cytokine dynamics in patients with PD compared with healthy controls (HCs) undergoing orthopedic surgery under general anesthesia. Methods: In this prospective pilot observational study, 50 patients scheduled for lower limb orthopedic surgery were enrolled (25 PD patients, 25 HCs). Serum cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, VEGF, MCP-1, HMGB1, S100B, and PARK7) were measured immediately after anesthesia induction (PRE) and 24 h postoperatively (POST). Between-group comparisons were performed using independent t-tests, and within-group perioperative changes were assessed using paired t-tests. Absolute (\u0394 = POST \u2212 PRE) and relative perioperative changes were analyzed. Results: IL-6 increased significantly after surgery in both groups, with no significant differences in absolute or relative perioperative changes between the PD and HC group. IL-8 concentrations were numerically higher in PD patients at both time points, but perioperative changes did not differ significantly between groups. VEGF decreased modestly within the PD group, whereas no significant change was observed in HCs; however, between-group differences in perioperative VEGF changes were not significant. S100B and PARK7 increased postoperatively in HCs but not in PD patients, while MCP-1 and HMGB1 showed no significant perioperative changes. Conclusions: In this pilot study, perioperative cytokine responses in patients with PD were largely comparable to those in HCs. Despite evidence of chronic low-grade inflammation in the PD group, no disease-specific amplification of acute perioperative inflammatory responses was observed. These findings suggest that perioperative immune activation in PD may be selective rather than global.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom16020261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T16:30:47Z","timestamp":1770309047000},"page":"261","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Perioperative Inflammatory Cytokines in Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jong-Woan","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seung-ah","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Life Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yemi","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Life Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gi Heon","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Life Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaeseung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4260-9397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin","family":"Joo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-025-03462-y","article-title":"Microglial dynamics and neuroinflammation in prodromal and early Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"22","author":"Mogensen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2017.3299","article-title":"The Parkinson Pandemic\u2014A Call to Action","volume":"75","author":"Dorsey","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2284","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00218-X","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"397","author":"Bloem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Feng, W., Ou, R., Liu, J., Yang, J., Fu, J., Cao, B., Chen, Y., Wei, Q., and Shang, H. (2021). Evidence for Peripheral Immune Activation in Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Front. Aging Neurosci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.617370"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.04.028","article-title":"Peripheral\u2013central immune crosstalk in Parkinson\u2019s disease and its association with clinical severity","volume":"128","author":"Greenland","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-025-08088-7","article-title":"Peripheral immune cell response to stimulation stratifies Parkinson\u2019s disease progression from prodromal to clinical stages","volume":"8","author":"Mark","year":"2025","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00684-6","article-title":"Inflammation and immune dysfunction in Parkinson disease","volume":"22","author":"Tansey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"S183","article-title":"Blood and Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers of Inflammation in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"12","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1813","article-title":"Biomarkers of Parkinson\u2019s Disease: From Basic Research to Clinical Practice","volume":"15","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26563","article-title":"Serum immune markers and disease progression in an incident Parkinson\u2019s disease cohort (ICICLE-PD)","volume":"31","author":"Wijeyekoon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, J., Chen, S., Liu, J., Yang, J., Ou, R., Zhang, L., Chen, X., and Shang, H. (2023). Serum inflammatory cytokines levels and the correlation analyses in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1104393"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papu\u0107, E., and Rejdak, K. (2020). Increased Cerebrospinal Fluid S100B and NSE Reflect Neuronal and Glial Damage in Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Front. Aging Neurosci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.00156"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115582","article-title":"Neuroinflammation: The central enabler of postoperative cognitive dysfunction","volume":"167","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2025.06.068","article-title":"Pathomechanism of postoperative delirium: Systemic inflammatory response and neuroinflammation following anesthesia\/surgery","volume":"581","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-00812-1","article-title":"Neuroinflammation after surgery: From mechanisms to therapeutic targets","volume":"21","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grotemeyer, A., McFleder, R.L., Wu, J., Wischhusen, J., and Ip, C.W. (2022). Neuroinflammation in Parkinson\u2019s Disease\u2014Putative Pathomechanisms and Targets for Disease-Modification. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.878771"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-023-00449-5","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of inflammatory biomarkers in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"9","author":"Qu","year":"2023","journal-title":"npj Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3041","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa246","article-title":"Mitochondrial damage-associated inflammation highlights biomarkers in PRKN\/PINK1 parkinsonism","volume":"143","author":"Borsche","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1606-1","article-title":"Regulatory impairment in untreated Parkinson\u2019s disease is not restricted to Tregs: Other regulatory populations are also involved","volume":"16","author":"Boll","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877241298973","article-title":"Investigating interleukin-8 in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A comprehensive review","volume":"103","author":"Righi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.2742","article-title":"Aberrations in Peripheral Inflammatory Cytokine Levels in Parkinson Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"73","author":"Qin","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shim, J.W., and Madsen, J.R. (2018). VEGF Signaling in Neurological Disorders. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19010275"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002151","article-title":"Increased CSF biomarkers of angiogenesis in Parkinson disease","volume":"85","author":"Janelidze","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2004.03254.x","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) upon dopaminergic neurons in a rat model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"19","author":"Yasuhara","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1326-4-49","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor B (VEGF-B) is up-regulated and exogenous VEGF-B is neuroprotective in a culture model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"4","author":"Falk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq008","article-title":"DJ-1 and \u03b1-synuclein in human cerebrospinal fluid as biomarkers of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"133","author":"Hong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjan.2020.06.006","article-title":"S100B level and cognitive dysfunction after robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy procedures: A prospective observational study","volume":"70","author":"Ozturk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Braz. J. Anesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, R., Lin, S., He, L., Zhu, X., Zhou, Z., Chen, S., Wang, Y., and Ding, J. (2019). Association of Two Polymorphisms in CCL2 with Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Case-Control Study. Front. Neurol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00035"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-020-00124-z","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 correlates with progression of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"6","author":"Santaella","year":"2020","journal-title":"npj Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mao, D., Zheng, Y., Xu, F., Han, X., and Zhao, H. (2022). HMGB1 in nervous system diseases: A common biomarker and potential therapeutic target. Front. Neurol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.1029891"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2023.106379","article-title":"Structural changes in the retina and serum HMGB1 levels are associated with decreased cognitive function in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"190","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/16\/2\/261\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T05:21:53Z","timestamp":1770787313000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/16\/2\/261"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["biom16020261"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom16020261","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-273X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]}}}