{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T10:44:36Z","timestamp":1783075476025,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education","award":["GKE-ZZ202411"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GKE-ZZ202411"]}]},{"name":"the key Research and Development Program Project of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region","award":["Guike AB25069065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Guike AB25069065"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82460536"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82460536"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the General Program of Guangxi Natural Science Foundation","award":["2024GXNSFAA010398"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024GXNSFAA010398"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have garnered significant attention in cancer research, as they enable the regulation of the occurrence, progression, and metastasis of tumors. This narrative review summarizes studies published between 2020 and 2025 from PubMed, focusing on nasopharyngeal carcinoma and extracellular vesicles. We analyze the function and mechanism of EVs in the tumor microenvironment, biomarkers, and treatment. Numerous studies have attempted to explain the mechanism of NPC-EVs affecting tumor microenvironments through the transmission of its cargo. And liquid-biopsy technology using EVs as biomarkers, such as exosomal cyclophilin A, the phosphatase and tensin homolog, and EVs-miR-30a-5p, has been studied for diagnosis and prognostic evaluation. In the therapy aspect, researchers are attempting to explore the role of EVs in the resistance process of NPC treatment, with the aim of clinical translation. Current limitations include biological distribution of EVs and so on. Future research should focus on establishing the standardized production system and more convenient separation and purification techniques for EVs. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the nasopharyngeal carcinoma-related EVs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom16020267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T09:41:02Z","timestamp":1770630062000},"page":"267","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Extracellular Vesicles: A Multidimensional Role in the Occurrence and Development of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Huining","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning 530021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hejing","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning 530021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Song","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning 530021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2020.12.007","article-title":"Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: ESMO-EURACAN Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","volume":"32","author":"Bossi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30956-0","article-title":"Nasopharyngeal carcinoma","volume":"394","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-22254-3_2","article-title":"Current Perspectives on Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma","volume":"1164","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2019.09.006","article-title":"Translational genomics of nasopharyngeal cancer","volume":"61","author":"Tsang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2016.01.040","article-title":"Global trends in incidence and mortality of nasopharyngeal carcinoma","volume":"374","author":"Tang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2025.0007","article-title":"NCCN Guidelines\u00ae Insights: Head and Neck Cancers, Version 2.2025","volume":"23","author":"Colevas","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Natl. Compr. Canc Netw."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3356","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2015.60.9347","article-title":"Management of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Current Practice and Future Perspective","volume":"33","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-023-01928-2","article-title":"Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Current views on the tumor microenvironment\u2019s impact on drug resistance and clinical outcomes","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bazzan, E., Tin\u00e8, M., Casara, A., Biondini, D., Semenzato, U., Cocconcelli, E., Balestro, E., Damin, M., Radu, C.M., and Turato, G. (2021). Critical Review of the Evolution of Extracellular Vesicles\u2019 Knowledge: From 1946 to Today. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126417"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-018-0250-9","article-title":"Specificities of secretion and uptake of exosomes and other extracellular vesicles for cell-to-cell communication","volume":"21","author":"Mathieu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-025-01074-2","article-title":"Clinical relevance of extracellular vesicles in cancer\u2014Therapeutic and diagnostic potential","volume":"22","author":"Greening","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2017.125","article-title":"Shedding light on the cell biology of extracellular vesicles","volume":"19","author":"Raposo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2024.07.009","article-title":"The biology and function of extracellular vesicles in immune response and immunity","volume":"57","author":"Kalluri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00763-8","article-title":"The roles of extracellular vesicles in the immune system","volume":"23","author":"Buzas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12390","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12390","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles derived from nasopharyngeal carcinoma induce the emergence of mature regulatory dendritic cells using a galectin-9 dependent mechanism","volume":"12","author":"Lefebvre","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.09.002","article-title":"Tumor-derived exosomes drive immunosuppressive macrophages in a pre-metastatic niche through glycolytic dominant metabolic reprogramming","volume":"33","author":"Morrissey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-025-04047-7","article-title":"Exosomal PD-L1 derived from hypoxia nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell exacerbates CD8(+) T cell suppression by promoting PD-L1 upregulation in macrophages","volume":"74","author":"Yuan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3044","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.15433","article-title":"Nasopharyngeal cancer cell-derived exosomal PD-L1 inhibits CD8+ T-cell activity and promotes immune escape","volume":"113","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc.2016.92","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus: More than 50 years old and still providing surprises","volume":"16","author":"Young","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"vii308","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdq277","article-title":"Nasopharyngeal carcinoma","volume":"21","author":"Chan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1002\/cac2.12619","article-title":"Targeting the LMP1-ALIX axis in EBV(+) nasopharyngeal carcinoma inhibits immunosuppressive small extracellular vesicle secretion and boosts anti-tumor immunity","volume":"44","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Commun."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nkosi, D., Sun, L., Duke, L.C., and Meckes, D.G. (2020). Epstein-Barr virus LMP1 manipulates the content and functions of extracellular vesicles to enhance metastatic potential of recipient cells. PLoS Pathog., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009023"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2925","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1303906110","article-title":"Modulation of B-cell exosome proteins by gamma herpesvirus infection","volume":"110","author":"Meckes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9015","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-64037-2","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles derived EBV tegument protein BRRF2 suppresses cGAS phase separation to promote anti-viral innate immune evasion","volume":"16","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-022-01738-9","article-title":"Tumor cell-derived exosome RNF126 affects the immune microenvironment and promotes nasopharyngeal carcinoma progression by regulating PTEN ubiquitination","volume":"27","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e30808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e30808","article-title":"Tumor cell-derived exosomal miR-193b-3p promotes tumor-associated macrophage activation to facilitate nasopharyngeal cancer cell invasion and radioresistances","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-023-01621-9","article-title":"SCARB1 in extracellular vesicles promotes NPC metastasis by co-regulating M1 and M2 macrophage function","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2024.08.008","article-title":"Extracellular vesicle-mediated crosstalk in tumor microenvironment dominates tumor fate","volume":"35","author":"Dou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-020-01709-5","article-title":"The role of microenvironment in tumor angiogenesis","volume":"39","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-021-03845-y","article-title":"Nuclear exosome HMGB3 secreted by nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells promotes tumour metastasis by inducing angiogenesis","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12221","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12221","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles rich in HAX1 promote angiogenesis by modulating ITGB6 translation","volume":"11","author":"You","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.66506","article-title":"Exosomal LBH inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition and angiogenesis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma via downregulating VEGFA signaling","volume":"18","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0603-669","article-title":"The biology of VEGF and its receptors","volume":"9","author":"Ferrara","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-025-03389-x","article-title":"FLT1-enriched extracellular vesicles induce a positive feedback loop between nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells and endothelial cells to promote angiogenesis and tumour metastasis","volume":"44","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201439246","article-title":"The extracellular matrix modulates the hallmarks of cancer","volume":"15","author":"Pickup","year":"2014","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-022-02456-5","article-title":"Epstein-Barr viral product-containing exosomes promote fibrosis and nasopharyngeal carcinoma progression through activation of YAP1\/FAP\u03b1 signaling in fibroblasts","volume":"41","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.34777","article-title":"Peritumoral SPARC expression induced by exosomes from nasopharyngeal carcinoma infected Epstein-Barr virus: A poor prognostic marker","volume":"154","author":"Dochi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2756","article-title":"Mechanotransduction and YAP-dependent matrix remodelling is required for the generation and maintenance of cancer-associated fibroblasts","volume":"15","author":"Calvo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.17648","article-title":"Role of tumor microenvironment in tumorigenesis","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-025-01033-x","article-title":"Promises and pitfalls of multi-cancer early detection using liquid biopsy tests","volume":"22","author":"Wan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1002\/cac2.12100","article-title":"Clinical utility of Epstein-Barr virus DNA and other liquid biopsy markers in nasopharyngeal carcinoma","volume":"40","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Commun."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.133403","article-title":"Small extracellular vesicle CA1 as a promising diagnostic biomarker for nasopharyngeal carcinoma","volume":"275","author":"Peng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3142","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.2185","article-title":"Exosomal cyclophilin A as a novel noninvasive biomarker for Epstein-Barr virus associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2555","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31967","article-title":"Vesicle-bound EBV-BART13-3p miRNA in circulation distinguishes nasopharyngeal from other head and neck cancer and asymptomatic EBV-infections","volume":"144","author":"Ramayanti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2393","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.14883","article-title":"miRNAs derived from circulating small extracellular vesicles as diagnostic biomarkers for nasopharyngeal carcinoma","volume":"112","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9740","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.2c01311","article-title":"Noninvasive Diagnosis of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Based on Phenotypic Profiling of Viral and Tumor Markers on Plasma Extracellular Vesicles","volume":"94","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-025-02962-w","article-title":"Machine learning-based identification of exosome-related biomarkers and drugs prediction in nasopharyngeal carcinoma","volume":"16","author":"Wei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, Z., Lin, Y., Hu, D., Wu, J., Peng, W., and Chen, Y. (2021). Diagnostic and Prognostic Potential of Circulating and Tissue BATF2 in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Front. Mol. Biosci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2021.724373"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-022-01351-y","article-title":"Liquid biopsy: Current technology and clinical applications","volume":"15","author":"Nikanjam","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"pbae018","DOI":"10.1093\/pcmedi\/pbae018","article-title":"Communication between cancer cell subtypes by exosomes contributes to nasopharyngeal carcinoma metastasis and poor prognosis","volume":"7","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Precis. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-021-02418-5","article-title":"LncRNA TP73-AS1 promotes nasopharyngeal carcinoma progression through targeting miR-342-3p and M2 polarization via exosomes","volume":"22","author":"Yao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-025-03315-z","article-title":"PTEN as a prognostic factor for radiotherapy plus immunotherapy response in nasopharyngeal carcinoma","volume":"23","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2202482","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202202482","article-title":"Profiling of Tumor Cell-Delivered Exosome by Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy-Based Biosensor for Evaluation of Nasopharyngeal Cancer Radioresistance","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2021.12.002","article-title":"The CRISPR-Cas toolbox and gene editing technologies","volume":"82","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-023-05657-7","article-title":"Fluorescent aptasensor based on the MNPs-CRISPR\/Cas12a-TdT for the determination of nasopharyngeal carcinoma-derived exosomes","volume":"190","author":"Yi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mikrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2020.121670","article-title":"Aptamer-based CRISPR\/Cas12a assay for the ultrasensitive detection of extracellular vesicle proteins","volume":"221","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2025.109046","article-title":"Rolling circle amplification and CRISPR\/Cas14a with nanozyme for electrochemical detecting miRNA-205 in NPC-derived exosomes","volume":"166","author":"Xiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioelectrochemistry"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1950","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-025-02253-8","article-title":"Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics reveal mechanisms of radioresistance and immune escape in recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma","volume":"57","author":"You","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.69934","article-title":"Radiosensitizer EXO-miR-197-3p Inhibits Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Progression and Radioresistance by Regulating the AKT\/mTOR Axis and HSPA5-mediated Autophagy","volume":"18","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6082","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.2506","article-title":"LMP1-positive extracellular vesicles promote radioresistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells through P38 MAPK signaling","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-019-02203-z","article-title":"Exosomes overexpressing miR-34c inhibit malignant behavior and reverse the radioresistance of nasopharyngeal carcinoma","volume":"18","author":"Wan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70078","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70078","article-title":"CD25 downregulation by tumor exosomal microRNA-15a promotes interleukin-17-producing \u03b3\u03b4-T-cells-mediated radioresistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.03.004","article-title":"Extracellular vesicle packaged LMP1-activated fibroblasts promote tumor progression via autophagy and stroma-tumor metabolism coupling","volume":"478","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-021-00794-5","article-title":"Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles inhibit HGF\/c-Met and EGF\/EGFR pathways to accelerate the radiosensitivity of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells via microRNA-142-5p delivery","volume":"8","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C2095","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.01069.2024","article-title":"BHLHE40-mediated upregulation of CAV1 decreases the radiosensitivity of nasopharyngeal carcinoma","volume":"328","author":"Bin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.20.03237","article-title":"Chemotherapy in Combination with Radiotherapy for Definitive-Intent Treatment of Stage II-IVA Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: CSCO and ASCO Guideline","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2018.0026","article-title":"NCCN Guidelines Insights: Head and Neck Cancers, Version 1.2018","volume":"16","author":"Colevas","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Natl. Compr. Canc Netw."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2014.07.025","article-title":"Cisplatin in cancer therapy: Molecular mechanisms of action","volume":"740","author":"Dasari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xia, T., Tian, H., Zhang, K., Zhang, S., Chen, W., Shi, S., and You, Y. (2021). Exosomal ERp44 derived from ER-stressed cells strengthens cisplatin resistance of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. BMC Cancer, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-021-08712-9"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9183","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.16801","article-title":"Exosomal transfer of miR-106a-5p contributes to cisplatin resistance and tumorigenesis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.25259\/Cytojournal_149_2024","article-title":"Exosomes derived from cancer-associated fibrolasts mediated ciplatin resistance","volume":"21","author":"Meng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cytojournal"},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"127","article-title":"Exosomes derived from Taxol-resistant nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells transferred DDX53 to NPC cells and promoted cancer resistance to Taxol","volume":"25","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2953","DOI":"10.1007\/s10565-023-09812-x","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles derived from paclitaxel-sensitive nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells deliver miR-183-5p and impart paclitaxel sensitivity through a mechanism involving P-gp","volume":"39","author":"Cui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2024.102840","article-title":"Advances and challenges in immunotherapy for locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma","volume":"131","author":"Cai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Rev."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1912","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-37614-6","article-title":"Nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells promote regulatory T cell development and suppressive activity via CD70-CD27 interaction","volume":"14","author":"Gong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003832","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-003832","article-title":"Exosomes derived from \u03b3\u03b4-T cells synergize with radiotherapy and preserve antitumor activities against nasopharyngeal carcinoma in immunosuppressive microenvironment","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e195279","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI195279","article-title":"LC3-dependent intercellular transfer of phosphorylated STAT1\/2 elicits CXCL9+ macrophages and enhances radiation-induced antitumor immunity","volume":"135","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2019.08.009","article-title":"The Challenges and Possibilities of Extracellular Vesicles as Therapeutic Vehicles","volume":"144","author":"Melling","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2025.102166","article-title":"Ropivacaine-loaded tumor-derived vesicles targeting CCNB1 and autophagy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2020.08.017","article-title":"Exosomal Delivery of AntagomiRs Targeting Viral and Cellular MicroRNAs Synergistically Inhibits Cancer Angiogenesis","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12608","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.5941","article-title":"Targeting exosomes enveloped EBV-miR-BART1-5p-antagomiRs for NPC therapy through both anti-vasculogenic mimicry and anti-angiogenesis","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-024-01783-2","article-title":"Non-discriminating engineered masking of immuno-evasive ligands on tumour-derived extracellular vesicles enhances tumour vaccination outcomes","volume":"20","author":"Ding","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12360","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12360","article-title":"Tumor vaccine based on extracellular vesicles derived from \u03b3\u03b4-T cells exerts dual antitumor activities","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harrell, C.R., Volarevic, A., Djonov, V., and Volarevic, V. (2025). Mesenchymal Stem-Cell-Derived Exosomes as Novel Drug Carriers in Anti-Cancer Treatment: A Myth or Reality?. Cells, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14030202"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2017.02.020","article-title":"Exosomes: Therapy delivery tools and biomarkers of diseases","volume":"174","author":"Barile","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1002\/cac2.12656","article-title":"Efficient 5-ALA-photodynamic therapy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma induces an immunoactivation mediated by tumoral extracellular vesicles and associated with immunogenic cell death","volume":"45","author":"Soulier","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Commun."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-022-00731-w","article-title":"Intercellular transfer of activated STING triggered by RAB22A-mediated non-canonical autophagy promotes antitumor immunity","volume":"32","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2019.05.023","article-title":"Targeting Exosomal EBV-LMP1 Transfer and miR-203 Expression via the NF-\u03baB Pathway: The Therapeutic Role of Aspirin in NPC","volume":"17","author":"Zuo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-018-0529-4","article-title":"Effect of pH, temperature and freezing-thawing on quantity changes and cellular uptake of exosomes","volume":"10","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12162","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12162","article-title":"The impact of storage on extracellular vesicles: A systematic study","volume":"11","author":"Gelibter","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2103222","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202103222","article-title":"Exosome Processing and Characterization Approaches for Research and Technology Development","volume":"9","author":"Lai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/16\/2\/267\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T05:23:20Z","timestamp":1770787400000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/16\/2\/267"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["biom16020267"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom16020267","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-273X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]}}}