{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T20:56:09Z","timestamp":1777582569156,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":177,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada","award":["RGPIN-2020-04585"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2020-04585"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oxygen (O2) tension is a critical factor influencing in vitro development of pre-implantation embryos. The in vivo environment has lower O2 tension (2\u201310%) than atmospheric air (~20%), along the female reproductive tract, from the oviducts (8\u201310%) to the uterus (2\u20135%), supporting development of early-stage embryos. As the female reproductive tract is inherently hypoxic, replicating low-O2 conditions in vitro may enhance embryo development. In contrast, culturing embryos under non-physiological O2 tension may impair stress adaptation and reduce developmental competence. Optimal O2 tension likely varies with species and embryo stage, suggesting a single uniform O2 tension throughout in vitro culture may not be ideal; conditions beneficial at one stage may be detrimental at another. Although atmospheric O2 harms embryo development and redox balance, specific advantages of low (5%) or ultra-low (\u22642%) O2 remain uncertain, despite many studies documenting improved development under hypoxia. This review examines the current literature on effects of atmospheric, low, and ultra-low O2 tension during in vitro embryo culture, emphasizing impacts on in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes, and the regulation of transcription and epigenomics during pre-implantation embryo development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom16030341","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T13:53:20Z","timestamp":1771941200000},"page":"341","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Impacts of Oxygen Tension on Developmental Competence of Preimplantation Embryos"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7905-8314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shayesteh","family":"Mehdinejadiani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brad","family":"Link","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Fertility Program, 2000 Veterans Pl NW #400, Calgary, AB T3B 4N2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4607-3355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John P.","family":"Kastelic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7156-8718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob","family":"Thundathil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agarwal, A., Maldonado Rosas, I., Anagnostopoulou, C., Cannarella, R., Boitrelle, F., Munoz, L.V., Finelli, R., Durairajanayagam, D., Henkel, R., and Saleh, R. 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