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Recent research also implicates cellular senescence\u2014a state of permanent cell cycle arrest driven by DNA damage\u2014as a key contributor to neuroinflammation and cognitive decline. This study investigates the cell-type specificity of senescence within glial and vascular cells of the neurovascular unit (NVU) following experimental TBI in a rat model. Methods: Rats underwent various TBI scenarios, including single severe TBI (sTBI), single mild TBI (mTBI), repetitive mild TBI (rmTBI) and repetitive sham-operated control (rSham). Twenty-four hours or four weeks later, brains were harvested and brain sections were co-stained for \u03b3H2AX and cell type-specific markers. Immunofluorescence microscopy was used to comprehensively assess senescence in both glial and vascular cells of the NVU, specifically astrocytes, microglia, endothelial cells, and pericytes. Results: We observed acute increased astrocyte senescence in sTBI samples and microglial senescence in mTBI and sTBI samples in the neocortex, while endothelial cell senescence was significantly elevated in the neocortex of the sTBI group after four weeks. Pericytes did not exhibit significant signs of senescence at either time point. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate differential \u03b3H2AX labelling of NVU components following TBI, suggesting that vulnerability to TBI-induced senescence can be specific both to the cell type and the time after the injury. This has implications on therapies targeting senescent cells for mitigating the long-term consequences of TBI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom16030359","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T14:55:01Z","timestamp":1772463301000},"page":"359","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Traumatic Brain Injury Induces Senescence in Brain Microvasculature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6912-7899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tejal","family":"Shreeya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biophysics, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Experimental and Preventive Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zs\u00f3fia R.","family":"Hern\u00e1di","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biophysics, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0712-0788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zsolt K.","family":"Bali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grasty\u00e1n Endre Translational Research Centre, University of P\u00e9cs, H-7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"},{"name":"Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, Szent\u00e1gothai Research Centre, University of P\u00e9cs, H-7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N\u00f3ra","family":"Bruszt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grasty\u00e1n Endre Translational Research Centre, University of P\u00e9cs, H-7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"},{"name":"Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, Szent\u00e1gothai Research Centre, University of P\u00e9cs, H-7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7882-4817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Istv\u00e1n","family":"Hern\u00e1di","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grasty\u00e1n Endre Translational Research Centre, University of P\u00e9cs, H-7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"},{"name":"Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, Szent\u00e1gothai Research Centre, University of P\u00e9cs, H-7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"},{"name":"Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, H-7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, University of P\u00e9cs, H-7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8445-4100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B\u00e1lint","family":"Fazekas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, H-7623 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"},{"name":"Molecular Medicine Research Group, Szent\u00e1gothai Research Centre, University of P\u00e9cs, H-7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0572-4564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krisztina","family":"Amrein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, H-7623 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"},{"name":"Molecular Medicine Research Group, Szent\u00e1gothai Research Centre, University of P\u00e9cs, H-7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"},{"name":"HUN-REN\u2013PTE Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group, University of P\u00e9cs, H-7623 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9578-6944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Endre","family":"Czeiter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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