{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T14:51:20Z","timestamp":1772549480025,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Thailand Science Research and Innovation Fund Chulalongkorn University","award":["196866"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["196866"]}]},{"name":"90th Anniversary of Chulalongkorn University Scholarship under Ratchadaphisek Somphot Fund","award":["GCUGR1125681015D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GCUGR1125681015D"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Atherosclerosis is a complex vascular disorder driven by oxidative stress, inflammation, and platelet activation. Agents capable of targeting multiple atherogenic pathways may provide improved therapeutic benefits. In this study, we evaluated the anti-atherogenic effects of chrysotoxine, a bibenzyl compound isolated from Dendrobium pulchellum, using in vitro models relevant to atherogenesis. Chrysotoxine significantly suppressed hemin-induced LDL oxidation by reducing lipid peroxidation and apolipoprotein modification. In an endothelial\u2013monocyte co-culture model, chrysotoxine markedly attenuated lipopolysaccharide-induced monocyte adhesion, indicating inhibition of endothelial inflammatory activation. Chrysotoxine also inhibited platelet aggregation induced by arachidonic acid, ADP, and collagen in a concentration-dependent manner, with the strongest effects observed against arachidonic acid\u2013mediated responses, suggesting modulation of the thromboxane pathway. Molecular docking analyses and cyclooxygenase activity assays further indicated that chrysotoxine may interact with both COX-1 and COX-2, exhibiting inhibitory activity in the low micromolar range. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that chrysotoxine modulates multiple key processes involved in atherogenesis, including oxidative LDL modification, vascular inflammation, and platelet activation. Although further in vivo studies are required, chrysotoxine represents a promising plant-derived candidate for the development of multi-target strategies against atherosclerotic disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom16030379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T09:45:12Z","timestamp":1772531112000},"page":"379","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Chrysotoxine Attenuates Key Atherogenic Processes via Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and COX-Dependent Antiplatelet Mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5940-9463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fozia","family":"Rustamani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology Program, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2030-9008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hla Nu","family":"Swe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology Program, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4637-461X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Su Wutyi","family":"Thant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology Program, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeeradej","family":"Moonrut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Program in Pharmacology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8352-4122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boonchoo","family":"Sritularak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Natural Products for Ageing and Chronic Diseases, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7912-1996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ponlapat","family":"Rojnuckarin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nonthaneth","family":"Nalinratana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Natural Products for Ageing and Chronic Diseases, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2327-5766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rataya","family":"Luechapudiporn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Natural Products for Ageing and Chronic Diseases, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tasouli-Drakou, V., Ogurek, I., Shaikh, T., Ringor, M., DiCaro, M.V., and Lei, K. (2025). Atherosclerosis: A Comprehensive Review of Molecular Factors and Mechanisms. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26031364"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199901143400207","article-title":"Atherosclerosis\u2014An inflammatory disease","volume":"340","author":"Ross","year":"1999","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2025). Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risks 2023 Collaborators. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors in 204 Countries and Territories, 1990\u20132023. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 86, 2167\u20132243."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10146","article-title":"Progress and challenges in translating the biology of atherosclerosis","volume":"473","author":"Libby","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"VII2","DOI":"10.1007\/s003920070045","article-title":"An overview of the evolution of the atherosclerotic plaque: From fatty streak to plaque rupture and thrombosis","volume":"89","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2000","journal-title":"Z. Kardiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3399","article-title":"Neutrophil recruitment and function in health and inflammation","volume":"13","author":"Kolaczkowska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.56782\/pps.241","article-title":"Inclisiran\u2014A new solution for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease","volume":"22","author":"Lis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prospect. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.56782\/pps.212","article-title":"Lipoprotein(a)\u2014Gaining clinical importance as a cardiovascular risk factor. Current state of medical knowledge","volume":"22","author":"Rybicka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prospect. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Rao, G.H. (2018). Manual of Blood Platelets: Morphology, Physiology and Pharmacology, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14167","article-title":"Eicosanoids, prostacyclin and cyclooxygenase in the cardiovascular system","volume":"176","author":"Mitchell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sonnweber, T., Pizzini, A., Nairz, M., Weiss, G., and Tancevski, I. (2018). Arachidonic Acid Metabolites in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19113285"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1038\/newbio231232a0","article-title":"Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis as a mechanism of action for aspirin-like drugs","volume":"231","author":"Vane","year":"1971","journal-title":"Nat. New Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1136\/heart.85.3.265","article-title":"Aspirin for primary prevention of coronary heart disease: Safety and absolute benefit related to coronary risk derived from meta-analysis of randomised trials","volume":"85","author":"Sanmuganathan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-017-0814-5","article-title":"Cardiovascular Safety and Bleeding Risk Associated with Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Medications in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"19","author":"Ross","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2332","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e3283310dc9","article-title":"Do COX-2 inhibitors raise blood pressure more than nonselective NSAIDs and placebo? An updated meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Chan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1097\/RCT.0000000000001022","article-title":"Association of Aspirin and Other Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs with Vertebral Trabecular Bone: Data From Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, a Population-Based Multicenter Cohort Study","volume":"44","author":"Ahmad","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2519","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1611593","article-title":"Cardiovascular Safety of Celecoxib, Naproxen, or Ibuprofen for Arthritis","volume":"375","author":"Nissen","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"542","article-title":"Bioactive matters based on natural product for cardiovascular diseases","volume":"5","author":"Zhong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-024-05048-3","article-title":"Role of natural products in cardiovascular disease","volume":"480","author":"Dong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"592","article-title":"Orchids: A review of uses in traditional medicine, its phytochemistry and pharmacology","volume":"4","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Plants Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2010.08.007","article-title":"Chrysotoxine, a novel bibenzyl compound, inhibits 6-hydroxydopamine induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells via mitochondria protection and NF-\u03baB modulation","volume":"57","author":"Song","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"042003","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1116\/4\/042003","article-title":"Batatasin III a derivative of dihydrostilbene compound from Yam Peel of Uwi Tuban and Its Antioxidant Activity","volume":"1116","author":"Agustina","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1021\/np50111a014","article-title":"Antiplatelet aggregation principles of Dendrobium loddigesii","volume":"57","author":"Chen","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(01)00168-6","article-title":"Chemical constituents from Dendrobium densiflorum","volume":"57","author":"Fan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"350410","article-title":"Cytotoxic and antimigratory activities of phenolic compounds from Dendrobium brymerianum. Evid.-Based Complement","volume":"2015","author":"Klongkumnuankarn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Warinhomhoun, S., Muangnoi, C., Buranasudja, V., Mekboonsonglarp, W., Rojsitthisak, P., Likhitwitayawuid, K., and Sritularak, B. (2021). Antioxidant Activities and Protective Effects of Dendropachol, a New Bisbibenzyl Compound from Dendrobium pachyglossum, on Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Stress in HaCaT Keratinocytes. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10020252"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1021\/np060449r","article-title":"Bioactive bibenzyl derivatives and fluorenones from Dendrobium nobile","volume":"70","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytol.2019.03.002","article-title":"Antidiabetic constituents of Dendrobium officinale as determined by high-resolution profiling of radical scavenging and \u03b1-glucosidase and \u03b1-amylase inhibition combined with HPLC-PDA-HRMS-SPE-NMR analysis","volume":"31","author":"Chu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytochem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-0149-3","article-title":"Erianin, a novel dibenzyl compound in Dendrobium extract, inhibits lung cancer cell growth and migration via calcium\/calmodulin-dependent ferroptosis","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.119126","article-title":"Chrysotoxine regulates ferroptosis and the PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR pathway to prevent cervical cancer","volume":"338","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2012.05.063","article-title":"Chrysotoxine, a novel bibenzyl compound selectively antagonizes MPP+, but not rotenone, neurotoxicity in dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells","volume":"521","author":"Song","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.117.244467","article-title":"Cancer Stem Cell-Suppressing Activity of Chrysotoxine, a Bibenzyl from Dendrobium pulchellum","volume":"364","author":"Bhummaphan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1080\/10715762.2019.1660323","article-title":"Kinetics and localisation of haemin-induced lipoprotein oxidation","volume":"53","author":"Morales","year":"2019","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"115","article-title":"Anti-metastatic activities of bibenzyls from Dendrobium pulchellum","volume":"8","author":"Chanvorachote","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.12.8.955","article-title":"Influence of gender, body mass index, and age on response of plasma lipids to dietary fat plus cholesterol","volume":"12","author":"Clifton","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI103182","article-title":"The distribution and chemical composition of ultracentrifugally separated lipoproteins in human serum","volume":"34","author":"Havel","year":"1955","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thant, S.W., Morales, N.P., Buranasudja, V., Sritularak, B., and Luechapudiporn, R. (2021). Protective Effect of Lusianthridin on Hemin-Induced Low-Density Lipoprotein Oxidation. Pharmaceuticals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14060567"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02540959","article-title":"Coloring conditions of thiobarbituric acid test for detecting lipid hydroperoxides","volume":"15","author":"Asakawa","year":"1980","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(90)90119-4","article-title":"Role of oxidatively modified LDL in atherosclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Steinbrecher","year":"1990","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2014.03.011","article-title":"Sulforaphane reduces vascular inflammation in mice and prevents TNF-\u03b1-induced monocyte adhesion to primary endothelial cells through interfering with the NF-\u03baB pathway","volume":"25","author":"Nallasamy","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.05.005","article-title":"Suppression of adhesion molecule expression by phenanthrene-containing extract of bulbils of Chinese Yam in vascular smooth muscle cells through inhibition of MAPK, Akt and NF-\u03baB","volume":"50","author":"Choi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1080\/09537104.2019.1648782","article-title":"Antiplatelet activity of deferiprone through cyclooxygenase-1 inhibition","volume":"31","author":"Tran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Platelets"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.21334","article-title":"AutoDock Vina: Improving the speed and accuracy of docking with a new scoring function, efficient optimization, and multithreading","volume":"31","author":"Trott","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Comput. Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shirali, A., Stebliankin, V., Karki, U., Shi, J., Chapagain, P., and Narasimhan, G. (2025). A comprehensive survey of scoring functions for protein docking models. BMC Bioinform., 26.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-024-05991-4"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2010.08.001","article-title":"Measurement of cyclooxygenase inhibition using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"54","author":"Cao","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"BenchChem Technical Support Team (2025). A Technical Guide to the Discovery and Development of Selective COX-2 Inhibitors, BenchChem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2006.09.106","article-title":"Lipid fluidity at different regions in LDL and HDL of beta-thalassemia\/Hb E patients","volume":"350","author":"Morales","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198904063201407","article-title":"Beyond cholesterol","volume":"320","author":"Steinberg","year":"1989","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.95.4.1062","article-title":"Conner Memorial Lecture. Oxidative modification of LDL and atherogenesis","volume":"95","author":"Steinberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2003.10.005","article-title":"Copper-mediated LDL oxidation by homocysteine and related compounds depends largely on copper ligation","volume":"1688","author":"Nakano","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2005.08.072","article-title":"Lipid peroxidation: Mechanisms, inhibition, and biological effects","volume":"338","author":"Niki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)93628-8","article-title":"Exchange of heme among hemoglobins and between hemoglobin and albumin","volume":"243","author":"Bunn","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.11.6.1700","article-title":"Hemin: A possible physiological mediator of low density lipoprotein oxidation and endothelial injury","volume":"11","author":"Balla","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V100.3.879","article-title":"Pro-oxidant and cytotoxic effects of circulating heme","volume":"100","author":"Jeney","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhai, D., Lv, X., Chen, J., Peng, M., and Cai, J. (2022). Recent Research Progress on Natural Stilbenes in Dendrobium Species. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27217233"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2003.10.004","article-title":"Leukocyte and endothelial cell adhesion molecules as targets for therapeutic interventions in inflammatory disease","volume":"24","author":"Ulbrich","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1882","article-title":"The immune response in atherosclerosis: A double-edged sword","volume":"6","author":"Hansson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1684\/ecn.2023.0481","article-title":"Acetylcholine suppresses LPS-induced endothelial cell activation by inhibiting the MAPK and NF-\u03baB pathways","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Cytokine Netw."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2015.2447","article-title":"Chebulagic acid inhibits the LPS-induced expression of TNF-\u03b1 and IL-1\u03b2 in endothelial cells by suppressing MAPK activation","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2010.03.045","article-title":"Ecklonia cava extracts inhibit lipopolysaccharide induced inflammatory responses in human endothelial cells","volume":"48","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.13948","article-title":"5,2\u2032-dibromo-2,4\u2032,5\u2032-trihydroxydiphenylmethanone attenuates LPS-induced inflammation and ROS production in EA.hy926 cells via HMBOX1 induction","volume":"23","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.2165\/00129784-200505060-00007","article-title":"The role of the platelet in the pathogenesis of atherothrombosis","volume":"5","author":"Steinhubl","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiovasc. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Michelson, A.D. (2007). CHAPTER 16\u2014Signal Transduction During Platelet Plug Formation. Platelets, Academic Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1309\/Y9EC63RW3XG1V313","article-title":"Platelet aggregation testing in platelet-rich plasma: Description of procedures with the aim to develop standards in the field","volume":"123","author":"Zhou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8070","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.14.8070","article-title":"Coactivation of two different G protein-coupled receptors is essential for ADP-induced platelet aggregation","volume":"95","author":"Jin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2008.03133.x","article-title":"Aspirin and the in vitro linear relationship between thromboxane A2-mediated platelet aggregation and platelet production of thromboxane A2","volume":"6","author":"Armstrong","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1002\/chir.20301","article-title":"Drug binding to human serum albumin: Abridged review of results obtained with high-performance liquid chromatography and circular dichroism","volume":"18","author":"Ascoli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chirality"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01757-9","article-title":"NF-\u03baB in biology and targeted therapy: New insights and translational implications","volume":"9","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1080\/10286020802133605","article-title":"Two novel bibenzyls from Dendrobium trigonopus","volume":"10","author":"Hu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2020.112530","article-title":"Recent research progress on natural small molecule bibenzyls and its derivatives in Dendrobium species","volume":"204","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.2306\/scienceasia1513-1874.2019.45.245","article-title":"The contents of bibenzyl derivatives, flavonoids and a phenanthrene in selected Dendrobium spp. and the correlation with their antioxidant activity","volume":"45","author":"Choonong","year":"2019","journal-title":"ScienceAsia"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Limcharoen, T., Dasuni Wasana, P.W., Angsuwattana, P., Muangnoi, C., Warinhomhoun, S., Ongtanasup, T., Sritularak, B., Vajragupta, O., and Rojsitthisak, P. (2023). An Integrative Approach to Investigate the Mode of Action of (-)-Dendroparishiol in Bacterial Meningitis: Computer-Aided Estimation of Biological Activity and Network Pharmacology. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24098072"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0b013e3181a7ff4a","article-title":"Moscatilin repressed lipopolysaccharide-induced HIF-1alpha accumulation and NF-kappaB activation in murine RAW264.7 cells","volume":"33","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytol.2018.01.006","article-title":"Anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of new bibenzyl derivatives from Dendrobium parishii in hydrogen peroxide and lipopolysaccharide treated RAW264.7 cells","volume":"24","author":"Kongkatitham","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytochem. Lett."}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/16\/3\/379\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T11:06:05Z","timestamp":1772535965000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/16\/3\/379"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["biom16030379"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom16030379","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-273X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]}}}