{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T03:37:32Z","timestamp":1786333052873,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":199,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Austrian Science Fund","award":["P 19464"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P 19464"]}]},{"name":"Austrian Science Fund","award":["P 26680"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P 26680"]}]},{"name":"Austrian Science Fund","award":["P 31777"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P 31777"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common and severe form of focal epilepsy. This review examines the diverse mechanisms by which the GABAergic system contributes both to seizure generation and to protective processes that limit epileptogenesis and seizure progression in TLE. We focus on findings from established animal models of TLE as well as studies of surgically resected tissue from patients who had undergone therapeutic intervention. Experimental models include sustained electrical stimulation of the perforant path, as well as the kainic acid (KA) and Li-pilocarpine models. Although these paradigms induce status epilepticus (SE) through distinct mechanisms, they ultimately converge on prolonged excitation of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons and interconnected regions of the hippocampus and broader limbic network. In response to epileptic seizures, GABA synthesis is enhanced, as evidenced by the marked upregulation of the GABA-synthesizing enzymes GAD65 and GAD67, along with their ectopic expression in glutamatergic mossy fibers of the hippocampus. Shortly after acute seizures, a transient expression of the embryonic GAD67 splice variant, GAD25, is observed, although its functional significance remains unclear. At the receptor level, animal models of TLE show upregulation of GABAA receptor subunits \u03b12, \u03b14, \u03b23, and \u03b32, accompanied by downregulation of \u03b15 and \u03b4 subunits, suggesting reduced tonic inhibition. In contrast, hippocampal tissue from patients with TLE exhibits pronounced upregulation of \u03b15 and \u03b4 subunits, indicative of enhanced extrasynaptic tonic inhibition. Similarly, whereas GABAA receptor subunits are mildly downregulated in animal models, they are consistently upregulated across hippocampal subfields in human TLE, pointing toward strengthened GABAergic inhibition. Conversely, genetic variants of GABAA receptor subunits and autoantibodies targeting these receptors can contribute to the etiology of epilepsy, often with onset in childhood. Moreover, degeneration or functional silencing of specific GABAergic interneuron populations\u2014such as parvalbumin-positive neurons in the subiculum\u2014can induce epilepsy in rodent models and is likewise associated with TLE in humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom16030422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T16:27:51Z","timestamp":1773332871000},"page":"422","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Role of GABA and Its Receptors in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6561-8360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00fcnther","family":"Sperk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2348-1858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanne","family":"Pirker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Klinik Hietzing, 1130 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Karl Landsteiner Institute for Clinical Epilepsy Research and Cognitive Neurology, 1130 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17240","article-title":"International League Against Epilepsy classification and definition of epilepsy syndromes with onset at a variable age: Position statement by the ILAE Task Force on Nosology and Definitions","volume":"63","author":"Riney","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2015.11.003","article-title":"Epidemiology of epilepsy","volume":"172","author":"Behr","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S6","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100000561","article-title":"Epidemiology of temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"27","author":"Wiebe","year":"2000","journal-title":"Can. J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2016.12.074","article-title":"Prevalence and Incidence of Drug-Resistant Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy in the United States","volume":"99","author":"Stewart","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2021.108122","article-title":"Temporal lobe epilepsy: A never-ending story","volume":"122","author":"Abarrategui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17492","article-title":"Duration of epileptic seizure types: A data-driven approach","volume":"64","author":"Larsen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2007.07.006","article-title":"Fever, febrile seizures and epilepsy","volume":"30","author":"Dube","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/119.3.965","article-title":"Childhood generalized and mesial temporal epilepsies demonstrate different amounts and patterns of hippocampal neuron loss and mossy fibre synaptic reorganization","volume":"119","author":"Mathern","year":"1996","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-025-13398-1","article-title":"Temporal trends indicate an epidemiological shift in the pathology of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"272","author":"Helmstaedter","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-1211(96)00043-5","article-title":"Introduction to temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"26","author":"Engel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200108023450501","article-title":"Effectiveness and Efficiency of Surgery for Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Study Group. A randomized, controlled trial of surgery for temporal-lobe epilepsy","volume":"345","author":"Wiebe","year":"2001","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1703784","article-title":"EEBB Consortium. Histopathological Findings in Brain Tissue Obtained during Epilepsy Surgery","volume":"377","author":"Blumcke","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(199905)45:5<553::AID-ANA1>3.0.CO;2-D","article-title":"Progression in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"45","author":"Sutula","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410420512","article-title":"Quantitative neuropathology and quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of the hippocampus in temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"42","author":"Revesz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2008.01604.x","article-title":"Temporal lobe epilepsy surgery and the quest for optimal extent of resection: A review","volume":"49","author":"Schramm","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)11844-2","article-title":"Convulsant hydrazides. I. In vitro and in vivo inhibition of vitamin B6 enzymes by convulsant hydrazides","volume":"119","author":"Killam","year":"1957","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1033","article-title":"Alterations of GABA-mediated synaptic transmission in human epilepsy","volume":"44","author":"Lloyd","year":"1986","journal-title":"Adv. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1986.tb00658.x","article-title":"Low levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid in cerebrospinal fluid of dogs with epilepsy","volume":"46","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"207","article-title":"GABA-agonists as anti-epileptic agents","volume":"26","author":"Meldrum","year":"1981","journal-title":"Adv. Biochem. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2015.03.009","article-title":"Animal models of temporal lobe epilepsy following systemic chemoconvulsant administration","volume":"260","author":"Avoli","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70020","DOI":"10.1002\/cpz1.70020","article-title":"Kindling Models of Epileptogenesis for Developing Disease-Modifying Drugs for Epilepsy","volume":"4","author":"Reddy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(83)90037-0","article-title":"\u201cEpileptic\u201d brain damage in rats induced by sustained electrical stimulation of the perforant path. I. Acute electrophysiological and light microscopic studies","volume":"10","author":"Sloviter","year":"1983","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.22059","article-title":"Hippocampal injury, atrophy, synaptic reorganization, and epileptogenesis after perforant pathway stimulation-induced status epilepticus in the mouse","volume":"515","author":"Kienzler","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(83)90038-2","article-title":"\u201cEpileptic\u201d brain damage in rats induced by sustained electrical stimulation of the perforant path. II. Ultrastructural analysis of acute hippocampal pathology","volume":"10","author":"Olney","year":"1983","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-1211(89)90038-7","article-title":"Self-sustaining limbic status epilepticus induced by \u2018continuous\u2019 hippocampal stimulation: Electrographic and behavioral characteristics","volume":"3","author":"Lothman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410270108","article-title":"The hippocampus in experimental chronic epilepsy: A morphometric analysis","volume":"27","author":"Bertram","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-197207000-00006","article-title":"Glutamate-induced brain damage in infant primates","volume":"31","author":"Olney","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"125","article-title":"Brain damage in mice from voluntary ingestion of glutamate and aspartate","volume":"2","author":"Olney","year":"1980","journal-title":"Neurobehav. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.10.011","article-title":"The kainic acid model of temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"37","author":"Avoli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(80)90181-5","article-title":"Widespread patterns of neuronal damage following systemic or intracerebral injections of kainic acid: A histological study","volume":"5","author":"Schwob","year":"1980","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2011.05.021","article-title":"Parvalbumin interneurons and calretinin fibers arising from the thalamic nucleus reuniens degenerate in the subiculum after kainic acid-induced seizures","volume":"189","author":"Drexel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6301","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.15-10-06301.1995","article-title":"Preferential neuronal loss in layer III of the medial entorhinal cortex in rat models of temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"15","author":"Du","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(79)90163-X","article-title":"A new model of focal status epilepticus: Intra-amygdaloid application of kainic acid elicits repetitive secondarily generalized convulsive seizures","volume":"163","author":"Lagowska","year":"1979","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(80)90049-4","article-title":"Injections of kainic acid into the amygdaloid complex of the rat: An electrographic, clinical and histological study in relation to the pathology of epilepsy","volume":"5","author":"Tremblay","year":"1980","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"171","article-title":"Hippocampal lesions and status epilepticus","volume":"35","author":"Naquet","year":"1982","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901920209","article-title":"Degeneration of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal cells induced by intraventricular kainic acid","volume":"192","author":"Nadler","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2525","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(82)90212-3","article-title":"Intrahippocampal kainic acid, seizures and local neuronal degeneration: Relationships assessed in unanesthetized rats","volume":"7","author":"French","year":"1982","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(83)90113-6","article-title":"Kainic acid induced seizures: Neurochemical and histopathological changes","volume":"10","author":"Sperk","year":"1983","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-7971-3_15","article-title":"Limbic seizures induced by systemically applied kainic acid: How much kainic acid reaches the brain?","volume":"203","author":"Berger","year":"1986","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(85)90744-7","article-title":"Alpha 2-adrenoceptors modulate kainic acid-induced limbic seizures","volume":"113","author":"Baran","year":"1985","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2012.03703.x","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying blood-brain barrier dysfunction in brain pathology and epileptogenesis: Role of astroglia","volume":"53","author":"Heinemann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2007.01304.x","article-title":"Development of spontaneous seizures after experimental status epilepticus: Implications for understanding epileptogenesis","volume":"48","author":"Williams","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2012.06.009","article-title":"Sequel of spontaneous seizures after kainic acid-induced status epilepticus and associated neuropathological changes in the subiculum and entorhinal cortex","volume":"63","author":"Drexel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(00)01659-3","article-title":"Kainate, a double agent that generates seizures: Two decades of progress","volume":"23","author":"Cossart","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1038\/351742a0","article-title":"Cloning of a putative high-affinity kainate receptor expressed predominantly in hippocampal CA3 cells","volume":"351","author":"Werner","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, L.M.Y., Polygalov, D., Wintzer, M.E., Chiang, M.-C., and McHugh, T.J. (2016). CA3 Synaptic Silencing Attenuates Kainic Acid-Induced Seizures and Hippocampal Network Oscillations. eNeuro, 3.","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0003-16.2016"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(89)90426-0","article-title":"Hippocampal damage induced by ischemia and intra-amygdaloid kainate injection: Effect on N-methyl-D-aspartate, N-(1-[2-thienyl]cyclohexyl)piperidine and glycine binding sites","volume":"31","author":"Crepel","year":"1989","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00753-5","article-title":"Quantal release of glutamate generates pure kainate and mixed AMPA\/kainate EPSCs in hippocampal neurons","volume":"35","author":"Cossart","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.5.1875","article-title":"Q\/R site editing in kainate receptor GluR5 and GluR6 pre-mRNAs requires distant intronic sequences","volume":"93","author":"Herb","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1038\/379460a0","article-title":"A mammalian RNA editing enzyme","volume":"379","author":"Melcher","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.1999.00479.x","article-title":"Q\/R editing of the rat GluR5 and GluR6 kainate receptors in vivo and in vitro: Evidence for independent developmental, pathological and cellular regulation","volume":"11","author":"Bernard","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80501-2","article-title":"Kainate receptor modulation of GABA release involves a metabotropic function","volume":"20","author":"Lerma","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80665-0","article-title":"Switch from facilitation to inhibition of excitatory synaptic transmission by group I mGluR desensitization","volume":"21","author":"Sistiaga","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.3.1293","article-title":"Two populations of kainate receptors with separate signaling mechanisms in hippocampal interneurons","volume":"97","author":"Lerma","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-01-00196.2000","article-title":"GluR5 and GluR6 kainate receptor subunits coexist in hippocampal neurons and coassemble to form functional receptors","volume":"20","author":"Paternain","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(01)00221-5","article-title":"Presynaptic kainate receptors that enhance the release of GABA on CA1 hippocampal interneurons","volume":"29","author":"Cossart","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1038\/2185","article-title":"GluR5 kainate receptor activation in interneurons increases tonic inhibition of pyramidal cells","volume":"1","author":"Cossart","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Falc\u00f3n-Moya, R., Sihra, T.S., and Rodr\u00edguez-Moreno, A. (2018). Kainate Receptors: Role in Epilepsy. Front. Mol. Neurosci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2018.00217"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1038\/39315","article-title":"A hippocampal GluR5 kainate receptor regulating inhibitory synaptic transmission","volume":"389","author":"Clarke","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80970-8","article-title":"Kainate receptors presynaptically downregulate GABAergic inhibition in the rat hippocampus","volume":"19","author":"Herreras","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(01)00298-7","article-title":"A kainate receptor increases the efficacy of GABAergic synapses","volume":"30","author":"Jiang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2002.88.1.523","article-title":"Paradoxical anti-epileptic effects of a GluR5 agonist of kainate receptors","volume":"88","author":"Khalilov","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-9557-5_4","article-title":"Metabotropic actions of kainate receptors in the control of glutamate release in the hippocampus","volume":"717","author":"Sihra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-9557-5_1","article-title":"Metabotropic actions of kainate receptors in the control of GABA release","volume":"Volume 717","author":"Sihra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Kainate Receptors; Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(83)90306-3","article-title":"Autoradiographic visualization of [3H]kainic acid receptor subtypes in the rat hippocampus","volume":"39","author":"Berger","year":"1983","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(87)90237-5","article-title":"Kainate binding sites in the hippocampal mossy fibers: Localization and plasticity","volume":"20","author":"Represa","year":"1987","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6650","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-15-06650.2002","article-title":"Axon sprouting in a model of temporal lobe epilepsy creates a predominantly excitatory feedback circuit","volume":"22","author":"Buckmaster","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.10-01-00267.1990","article-title":"Altered patterns of dynorphin immunoreactivity suggest mossy fiber reorganization in human hippocampal epilepsy","volume":"10","author":"Houser","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8229","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1469-05.2005","article-title":"Recurrent mossy fibers establish aberrant kainate receptor-operated synapses on granule cells from epileptic rats","volume":"25","author":"Epsztein","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1038\/301520a0","article-title":"Seizure-related brain damage induced by cholinergic agents","volume":"301","author":"Olney","year":"1983","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"545","article-title":"The seizures induced by pilocarpine: Behavioral, electroencephalographic and neuropathological studies in rodents","volume":"39","author":"Turski","year":"1987","journal-title":"Pol. J. Pharmacol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.890030207","article-title":"Review: Cholinergic mechanisms and epileptogenesis. The seizures induced by pilocarpine: A novel experimental model of intractable epilepsy","volume":"3","author":"Turski","year":"1989","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6301005","article-title":"Systemic cholinergic agents induce seizures and brain damage in lithium-treated rats","volume":"220","author":"Honchar","year":"1983","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"857","article-title":"Excitotoxic mechanisms of epileptic brain damage","volume":"44","author":"Olney","year":"1986","journal-title":"Adv. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-019-01196-z","article-title":"The regulation of glutamic acid decarboxylases in GABA neurotransmission in the brain","volume":"42","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1993.tb03165.x","article-title":"Regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid synthesis in the brain","volume":"60","author":"Martin","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-6147(98)01270-X","article-title":"Two isoforms of glutamate decarboxylase: Why?","volume":"19","author":"Soghomonian","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9733","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-23-09733.1998","article-title":"The vesicular GABA transporter, VGAT, localizes to synaptic vesicles in sets of glycinergic as well as GABAergic neurons","volume":"18","author":"Chaudhry","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1038\/284515a0","article-title":"Peptidergic neurones","volume":"284","author":"Hokfelt","year":"1980","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2009.06913.x","article-title":"GABAergic interneurons targeting dendrites of pyramidal cells in the CA1 area of the hippocampus","volume":"30","author":"Klausberger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.17.030194.003033","article-title":"GABAA receptor channels","volume":"17","author":"Macdonald","year":"1994","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3819","article-title":"Cation-chloride cotransporters in neuronal development, plasticity and disease","volume":"15","author":"Kaila","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-3589(10)58006-2","article-title":"GABAB receptor coupling to G-proteins and ion channels","volume":"58","author":"Padgett","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20566","article-title":"Organization and functions of mGlu and GABAB receptor complexes","volume":"540","author":"Pin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Y., and Danbolt, N.C. (2013). GABA and Glutamate Transporters in Brain. Front. Endocrinol., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2013.00165"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21917","article-title":"Antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase define a form of limbic encephalitis","volume":"67","author":"Malter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.44.1.25","article-title":"Epileptic seizures associated with intrathecal baclofen application","volume":"44","author":"Kofler","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bas.2025.104323","article-title":"Intrathecal baclofen therapy in patients with spastic paraplegia: Retrospective evaluation of pretreatment drugs, test dosage, dose increments and final therapy","volume":"5","author":"Kurz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Spine"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.10630","article-title":"\u201cDormant basket cell\u201d hypothesis revisited: Relative vulnerabilities of dentate gyrus mossy cells and inhibitory interneurons after hippocampal status epilepticus in the rat","volume":"459","author":"Sloviter","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2007.07.029","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of parvalbumin-immunoreactive cells in the human epileptic hippocampus","volume":"149","author":"Andrioli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn095","article-title":"Loss of GABAergic neurons in the subiculum and its functional implications in temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"131","author":"Knopp","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh339","article-title":"Surviving CA1 pyramidal cells receive intact perisomatic inhibitory input in the human epileptic hippocampus","volume":"128","author":"Wittner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1038\/82900","article-title":"Dendritic but not somatic GABAergic inhibition is decreased in experimental epilepsy","volume":"4","author":"Cossart","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8166","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3456-16.2017","article-title":"Selective Silencing of Hippocampal Parvalbumin Interneurons Induces Development of Recurrent Spontaneous Limbic Seizures in Mice","volume":"37","author":"Drexel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2022.02.007","article-title":"Silencing of Hippocampal Somatostatin Interneurons Induces Recurrent Spontaneous Limbic Seizures in Mice","volume":"487","author":"Drexel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2023.114580","article-title":"The role of subicular VIP-expressing interneurons on seizure dynamics in the intrahippocampal kainic acid model of temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"370","author":"Rahimi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.450040409","article-title":"Differential NPY mRNA expression in granule cells and interneurons of the rat dentate gyrus after kainic acid injection","volume":"4","author":"Gruber","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(88)90155-8","article-title":"Concomitant increase of somatostatin, neuropeptide Y and glutamate decarboxylase in the frontal cortex of rats with decreased seizure threshold","volume":"26","author":"Marksteiner","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.1990.tb00385.x","article-title":"Neuropeptide Levels after Pentylenetetrazol Kindling in the Rat","volume":"2","author":"Marksteiner","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6526","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.81.20.6526","article-title":"Neuropeptide-containing neurons of the cerebral cortex are also GABAergic","volume":"81","author":"Hendry","year":"1984","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5804","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-15-05804.2001","article-title":"Plasticity of Y1 and Y2 receptors and neuropeptide Y fibers in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"21","author":"Furtinger","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(90)90172-C","article-title":"Long-term increase of glutamate decarboxylase mRNA in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"5","author":"Feldblum","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(91)90077-D","article-title":"Two genes encode distinct glutamate decarboxylases","volume":"7","author":"Erlander","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19990927)412:3<488::AID-CNE8>3.0.CO;2-6","article-title":"Up-regulation of GAD65 and GAD67 in remaining hippocampal GABA neurons in a model of temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"412","author":"Esclapez","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(95)00348-M","article-title":"Hippocampal granule cells express glutamic acid decarboxylase-67 after limbic seizures in the rat","volume":"69","author":"Schwarzer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.20923","article-title":"Glutamate decarboxylase 67 is expressed in hippocampal mossy fibers of temporal lobe epilepsy patients","volume":"22","author":"Sperk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(07)63001-5","article-title":"The dentate gyrus: Fundamental neuroanatomical organization (dentate gyrus for dummies)","volume":"163","author":"Amaral","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-017-2750-5","article-title":"Advances in understanding hilar mossy cells of the dentate gyrus","volume":"373","author":"Scharfman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.20850","article-title":"Kainic acid-induced recurrent mossy fiber innervation of dentate gyrus inhibitory interneurons: Possible anatomical substrate of granule cell hyper-inhibition in chronically epileptic rats","volume":"494","author":"Sloviter","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903030202","article-title":"Coexistence of GABA and glutamate in mossy fiber terminals of the primate hippocampus: An ultrastructural study","volume":"303","author":"Sandler","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19960930)373:4<593::AID-CNE8>3.0.CO;2-X","article-title":"Basal expression and induction of glutamate decarboxylase and GABA in excitatory granule cells of the rat and monkey hippocampal dentate gyrus","volume":"373","author":"Sloviter","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.10133","article-title":"Expression of plasma membrane GABA transporters but not of the vesicular GABA transporter in dentate granule cells after kainic acid seizures","volume":"13","author":"Sperk","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(01)00245-8","article-title":"Monosynaptic GABAergic signaling from dentate to CA3 with a pharmacological and physiological profile typical of mossy fiber synapses","volume":"29","author":"Walker","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(93)90145-H","article-title":"Nonvesicular release of neurotransmitter","volume":"11","author":"Attwell","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13555","article-title":"Neocortical GABA release at high intracellular sodium and low extracellular calcium: An anti-seizure mechanism","volume":"137","author":"Rassner","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(00)00275-X","article-title":"Differential regulation of adult and embryonic glutamate decarboxylases in rat dentate granule cells after kainate-induced limbic seizures","volume":"100","author":"Szabo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6496","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.12.6496","article-title":"Cleft palate and decreased brain gamma-aminobutyric acid in mice lacking the 67-kDa isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase","volume":"94","author":"Asada","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2008.07.045","article-title":"GABAA receptors: Subtypes provide diversity of function and pharmacology","volume":"56","author":"Olsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1101\/SQB.1990.055.01.006","article-title":"The GABAA receptor family: Molecular and functional diversity","volume":"55","author":"Seeburg","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(00)00442-5","article-title":"GABAA receptors: Immunocytochemical distribution of 13 subunits in the adult rat brain","volume":"101","author":"Pirker","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2551","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.24910","article-title":"Immunohistochemical distribution of 10 GABAA receptor subunits in the forebrain of the rhesus monkey Macaca mulatta","volume":"528","author":"Sperk","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.12-03-01040.1992","article-title":"The distribution of 13 GABAA receptor subunit mRNAs in the rat brain. I. Telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon","volume":"12","author":"Wisden","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5415","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-17-05415.1996","article-title":"Stoichiometry of a recombinant GABAA receptor","volume":"16","author":"Chang","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3831","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15932","article-title":"GABAA receptors in epilepsy: Elucidating phenotypic divergence through functional analysis of genetic variants","volume":"168","author":"Absalom","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.59.7.1137","article-title":"A splice-site mutation in GABRG2 associated with childhood absence epilepsy and febrile convulsions","volume":"59","author":"Kananura","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1038\/s41431-024-01600-3","article-title":"De novo variants in GABRA4 are associated with a neurological phenotype including developmental delay, behavioral abnormalities and epilepsy","volume":"32","author":"Sajan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1038\/ng885","article-title":"Mutation of GABRA1 in an autosomal dominant form of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy","volume":"31","author":"Cossette","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hernandez, C.C., Shen, Y., Hu, N., Shen, W., Narayanan, V., Ramsey, K., He, W., Zou, L., and Macdonald, R.L. (2023). GABRG2 Variants Associated with Febrile Seizures. Biomolecules, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13030414"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2519","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17336","article-title":"Molecular and clinical descriptions of patients with GABAA receptor gene variants (GABRA1, GABRB2, GABRB3, GABRG2): A cohort study, review of literature, and genotype-phenotype correlation","volume":"63","author":"Maillard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14646","article-title":"Extrasynaptic \u03b4-GABAA receptors are high-affinity muscimol receptors","volume":"149","author":"Benkherouf","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.49.3.764","article-title":"11C-flumazenil PET, volumetric MRI, and quantitative pathology in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"49","author":"Koepp","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/120.10.1865","article-title":"Regional hippocampal [11C]flumazenil PET in temporal lobe epilepsy with unilateral and bilateral hippocampal sclerosis","volume":"120","author":"Koepp","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2000.83.3.1510","article-title":"Regionally selective blockade of GABAergic inhibition by zinc in the thalamocortical system: Functional significance","volume":"83","author":"Gibbs","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410380609","article-title":"Experimental status epilepticus alters gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor function in CA1 pyramidal neurons","volume":"38","author":"Kapur","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7532","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-19-07532.1997","article-title":"Rapid seizure-induced reduction of benzodiazepine and Zn2+ sensitivity of hippocampal dentate granule cell GABAA receptors","volume":"17","author":"Kapur","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3908(83)90204-6","article-title":"Alterations in benzodiazepine and GABA receptor binding in rat brain following systemic injection of kainic acid","volume":"22","author":"Kish","year":"1983","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-1211(90)90084-9","article-title":"Regional brain [3H]muscimol binding in kindled rat brain: A quantitative autoradiographic examination","volume":"6","author":"Nobrega","year":"1990","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2696","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.05-10-02696.1985","article-title":"gamma-Aminobutyric acid and benzodiazepine receptors in the kindling model of epilepsy: A quantitative radiohistochemical study","volume":"5","author":"Shin","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(94)90286-0","article-title":"Kindling induces time-dependent and regional specific changes in the [3H]muscimol binding in the rat hippocampus: A quantitative autoradiographic study","volume":"59","author":"Titulaer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(94)90105-8","article-title":"GABAA receptor beta 1-3 subunit gene expression in the hippocampus of kindled rats","volume":"174","author":"Kamphuis","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-328X(95)00022-K","article-title":"Expression of GABAA receptor subunit mRNAs in hippocampal pyramidal and granular neurons in the kindling model of epileptogenesis: An in situ hybridization study","volume":"31","author":"Kamphuis","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-328X(94)90242-9","article-title":"Biphasic differential changes of GABAA receptor subunit mRNA levels in dentate gyrus granule cells following recurrent kindling-induced seizures","volume":"23","author":"Kokaia","year":"1994","journal-title":"Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2005.04.013","article-title":"Altered expression of GABAA and GABAB receptor subunit mRNAs in the hippocampus after kindling and electrically induced status epilepticus","volume":"134","author":"Nishimura","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(97)00144-9","article-title":"GABAA receptor subunits in the rat hippocampus III: Altered messenger RNA expression in kainic acid-induced epilepsy","volume":"80","author":"Tsunashima","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drexel, M., Kirchmair, E., and Sperk, G. (2013). Changes in the expression of GABAA receptor subunit mRNAs in parahippocampal areas after kainic acid induced seizures. Front. Neural Circuits, 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2013.00142"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(97)00145-0","article-title":"GABAA receptor subunits in the rat hippocampus II: Altered distribution in kainic acid-induced temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"80","author":"Schwarzer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1038\/2661","article-title":"Selective changes in single cell GABAA receptor subunit expression and function in temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"4","author":"Shumate","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8629","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2877-04.2004","article-title":"Altered expression of the delta subunit of the GABAA receptor in a mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"24","author":"Peng","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.10108","article-title":"Downregulation of the alpha5 subunit of the GABAA receptor in the pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"13","author":"Houser","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-0186(99)00040-6","article-title":"GABAergic neurons and GABAA -receptors in temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"34","author":"Fritschy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-1063(2000)10:3<305::AID-HIPO11>3.0.CO;2-I","article-title":"Early loss of interneurons and delayed subunit-specific changes in GABAA -receptor expression in a mouse model of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"10","author":"Bouilleret","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5401","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-14-05401.2000","article-title":"Selective alterations in GABAA receptor subtypes in human temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"20","author":"Loup","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/62.8.820","article-title":"Increased expression of GABAA receptor beta-subunits in the hippocampus of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"62","author":"Pirker","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fcab239","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcab239","article-title":"Increased expression of GABAA receptor subunits associated with tonic inhibition in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"3","author":"Sperk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1038\/25999","article-title":"Increased number of synaptic GABAA receptors underlies potentiation at hippocampal inhibitory synapses","volume":"395","author":"Nusser","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1996.tb00541.x","article-title":"The pilocarpine model of epilepsy in mice","volume":"37","author":"Cavalheiro","year":"1996","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0082(94)90019-1","article-title":"Kainic acid seizures in the rat","volume":"42","author":"Sperk","year":"1994","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1989.62.1.126","article-title":"Induction of paroxysmal discharges in the dentate gyrus: Frequency dependence and relationship to afterdischarge production","volume":"62","author":"Stringer","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-009-0512-5","article-title":"Towards a clinico-pathological classification of granule cell dispersion in human mesial temporal lobe epilepsies","volume":"117","author":"Blumcke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(85)90299-4","article-title":"Limbic seizure and brain damage produced by kainic acid: Mechanisms and relevance to human temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"14","year":"1985","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(97)00146-2","article-title":"GABAA receptor subunits in the rat hippocampus I: Immunocytochemical distribution of 13 subunits","volume":"80","author":"Sperk","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.12.012","article-title":"Extrasynaptic GABAA receptors: Their function in the CNS and implications for disease","volume":"73","author":"Brickley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2527","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3426-07.2008","article-title":"Subunit-specific trafficking of GABAA receptors during status epilepticus","volume":"28","author":"Goodkin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7724","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4944-04.2005","article-title":"Trafficking of GABAA receptors, loss of inhibition, and a mechanism for pharmacoresistance in status epilepticus","volume":"25","author":"Naylor","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5511","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0900-05.2005","article-title":"Status epilepticus increases the intracellular accumulation of GABAA receptors","volume":"25","author":"Goodkin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.44.12.2407","article-title":"Loss of GABAA receptors during partial status epilepticus","volume":"44","author":"Kapur","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10016","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2520-05.2005","article-title":"Multiple and plastic receptors mediate tonic GABAA receptor currents in the hippocampus","volume":"25","author":"Scimemi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-05-01541.2002","article-title":"Enhanced neurosteroid potentiation of ternary GABAA receptors containing the delta subunit","volume":"22","author":"Wohlfarth","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7520","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1555-07.2007","article-title":"Altered localization of GABAA receptor subunits on dentate granule cell dendrites influences tonic and phasic inhibition in a mouse model of epilepsy","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2007.01297.x","article-title":"GABAA receptor internalization during seizures","volume":"48","author":"Goodkin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3662","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0307231101","article-title":"Tonic inhibition in mouse hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons is mediated by alpha5 subunit-containing gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors","volume":"101","author":"Caraiscos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2014.08.023","article-title":"Expression of GABA receptor subunits in the hippocampus and thalamus after experimental traumatic brain injury","volume":"88","author":"Drexel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(03)00068-7","article-title":"Cation-chloride co-transporters in neuronal communication, development and trauma","volume":"26","author":"Payne","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2006.107086","article-title":"The cation-chloride cotransporter NKCC1 promotes sharp waves in the neonatal rat hippocampus","volume":"573","author":"Sipila","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1994.71.3.1128","article-title":"Mechanism of early anoxia-induced suppression of the GABAA -mediated inhibitory postsynaptic current","volume":"71","author":"Katchman","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4412","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-11-04412.2002","article-title":"Reduction of KCC2 expression and GABAA receptor-mediated excitation after in vivo axonal injury","volume":"22","author":"Nabekura","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9866","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2761-07.2007","article-title":"Perturbed chloride homeostasis and GABAergic signaling in human temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"27","author":"Huberfeld","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3601","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-015-1122-8","article-title":"Enhanced expression of potassium-chloride cotransporter KCC2 in human temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"221","author":"Wittner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3908(99)00132-X","article-title":"Localization of GABAB1 receptors in the rat hippocampus by immunocytochemistry and high resolution autoradiography, with specific reference to its localization in identified hippocampal interneuron subpopulations","volume":"38","author":"Sloviter","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01920750","article-title":"Baclofen prevents rapid amygdala kindling in adult rats","volume":"50","author":"Wurpel","year":"1994","journal-title":"Experientia"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02124293","article-title":"Blockade of GABAB receptors accelerates amygdala kindling development","volume":"48","author":"Karlsson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Experientia"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1006\/mcne.2001.0995","article-title":"Epileptogenesis and enhanced prepulse inhibition in GABAB1-deficient mice","volume":"17","author":"Prosser","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(01)00345-2","article-title":"Epilepsy, hyperalgesia, impaired memory, and loss of pre- and postsynaptic GABAB responses in mice lacking GABAB1","volume":"31","author":"Schuler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4250","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-13-04250.1996","article-title":"Kainic acid-induced seizures enhance dentate gyrus inhibition by downregulation of GABAB receptors","volume":"16","author":"Haas","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-328X(03)00097-4","article-title":"Altered expression of GABAB receptors in the hippocampus after kainic-acid-induced seizures in rats","volume":"113","author":"Furtinger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-006-0187-0","article-title":"A new clinico-pathological classification system for mesial temporal sclerosis","volume":"113","author":"Blumcke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200108023450510","article-title":"Finally, a randomized, controlled trial of epilepsy surgery","volume":"345","author":"Engel","year":"2001","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(90)91601-C","article-title":"Granule cell dispersion in the dentate gyrus of humans with temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"535","author":"Houser","year":"1990","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410430510","article-title":"In vivo [11C]flumazenil-PET correlates with ex vivo [3H]flumazenil autoradiography in hippocampal sclerosis","volume":"43","author":"Koepp","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.5.934","article-title":"Temporal lobe central benzodiazepine binding in unilateral mesial temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"45","author":"Burdette","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410290513","article-title":"Altered excitatory and inhibitory amino acid receptor binding in hippocampus of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"29","author":"McDonald","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10087","article-title":"Insular cortex involvement in mesiotemporal lobe epilepsy: A positron emission tomography study","volume":"51","author":"Bouilleret","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fcaa190","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaa190","article-title":"Alpha 5 subunit-containing GABAA receptors in temporal lobe epilepsy with normal MRI","volume":"3","author":"McGinnity","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2003.08.046","article-title":"Increased expression of gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptors in the hippocampus of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"352","author":"Furtinger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0704812","article-title":"Studies of GABAB receptors labelled with [(3)H]-CGP62349 in hippocampus resected from patients with temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"136","author":"Princivalle","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1625","article-title":"Variations on an inhibitory theme: Phasic and tonic activation of GABAA receptors","volume":"6","author":"Farrant","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1936","DOI":"10.1038\/s41594-023-01133-1","article-title":"The molecular basis of drug selectivity for \u03b15 subunit-containing GABAA receptors","volume":"30","author":"Kasaragod","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_198","first-page":"430248","article-title":"A Review of the Updated Pharmacophore for the Alpha 5 GABAA Benzodiazepine Receptor Model","volume":"2015","author":"Clayton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3908(96)00061-5","article-title":"[3H]L-655,708, a novel ligand selective for the benzodiazepine site of GABAA receptors which contain the alpha 5 subunit","volume":"35","author":"Quirk","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/16\/3\/422\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T05:17:09Z","timestamp":1773465429000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/16\/3\/422"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"references-count":199,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["biom16030422"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom16030422","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-273X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]}}}