{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T13:00:52Z","timestamp":1773666052700,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":146,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]],"date-time":"2026-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"HUN-REN\u2013SZTE Neuroscience Research Group"},{"name":"University of Szeged Open Access Fund","award":["8479"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8479"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Endometriosis and PCOS are both leading causes of female infertility, each affecting approximately 10% of reproductive-aged women worldwide. Both conditions markedly impair quality of life by affecting physical health, emotional well-being, mental health, and social functioning, and they impose a substantial economic burden through surgical treatments, assisted reproductive technologies, and work absenteeism. Insulin resistance (IR) plays a key role in the pathogenesis of both disorders by promoting chronic low-grade inflammation and disrupting sex hormone homeostasis. Consequently, interventions targeting metabolic dysfunction and inflammatory processes may improve clinical outcomes. In this context, the kynurenine system\u2014the primary metabolic pathway of tryptophan degradation\u2014has emerged as a potential mechanistic link between inflammation, metabolic disturbances, and reproductive disorders. Chronic inflammation and psychological stress can enhance kynurenine pathway activation, leading to immune dysregulation, oxidative stress, altered neuroendocrine signaling, and impaired ovarian function. Dysregulated kynurenine metabolism has also been associated with IR and mood disturbances, which are common features of endometriosis and PCOS. Physical activity (PA) is widely recognized for its anti-inflammatory, metabolic, and stress-reducing effects. Emerging evidence suggests that PA may also modulate the kynurenine system by shifting tryptophan metabolism toward neuroprotective pathways. Various exercise modalities\u2014including aerobic, resistance, and mind\u2013body exercises\u2014have shown beneficial effects; however, well-designed long-term studies are still needed. The aim of this review is to synthesize and critically evaluate the published literature on the effects of PA on IR, inflammation, kynurenine metabolism, and reproductive health in women with endometriosis and PCOS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom16030440","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T11:13:14Z","timestamp":1773659594000},"page":"440","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Physical Activity, Metabolic Dysfunction, and the Kynurenine Pathway in Endometriosis and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"No\u00e9mi","family":"Varga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Theoretical Health Sciences and Health Management, Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Studies, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Experimental and Preventive Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Kis-Gy\u00f6rgy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School of Experimental and Preventive Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary"},{"name":"Section of Health Behaviour and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Studies, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lilla","family":"Ajkay-Don\u00e1th","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Theoretical Health Sciences and Health Management, Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Studies, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Experimental and Preventive Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary"},{"name":"HUN-REN-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Hungarian Research Network, Danube Neuroscience Research Laboratory, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zolt\u00e1n Istv\u00e1n","family":"Tapody","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Theoretical Health Sciences and Health Management, Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Studies, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Experimental and Preventive Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5808-5600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evelin","family":"V\u00e1gv\u00f6lgyi-S\u00fcmegi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Theoretical Health Sciences and Health Management, Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Studies, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Experimental and Preventive Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary"},{"name":"HUN-REN-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Hungarian Research Network, Danube Neuroscience Research Laboratory, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tam\u00e1s","family":"K\u00f6rt\u00e9si","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Theoretical Health Sciences and Health Management, Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Studies, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary"},{"name":"HUN-REN-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Hungarian Research Network, Danube Neuroscience Research Laboratory, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary"},{"name":"Preventive Health Sciences Research Group, Incubation Competence Centre, Centre of Excellence for Interdisciplinary Research, Development and Innovation, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2121-4625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00e1bor","family":"Nagy-Gr\u00f3cz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Theoretical Health Sciences and Health Management, Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Studies, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary"},{"name":"Preventive Health Sciences Research Group, Incubation Competence Centre, Centre of Excellence for Interdisciplinary Research, Development and Innovation, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.13244","article-title":"Endometriosis and polycystic ovary syndrome are diametric disorders","volume":"14","author":"Dinsdale","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evol. 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