{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T15:37:18Z","timestamp":1781537838436,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":192,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F251030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F251030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China\n              https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82371026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82371026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China\n              https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82301177"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82301177"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"TMICPKU Proof of Concept Grant","award":["CXYZ-2025-102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CXYZ-2025-102"]}]},{"name":"Innovation and Transformation Fund of Peking University Third Hospital\n              https:\/\/ror.org\/04wwqze12","award":["BYSYZHKC2023110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BYSYZHKC2023110"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The ocular surface system, essential for maintaining visual function, is highly susceptible to a range of ocular surface diseases (OSDs) that significantly impair patients\u2019 quality of life. Current treatments for OSDs often face limitations including low bioavailability, A lack of targeted delivery, and an inadequate capacity to fully address the complex pathophysiology involving inflammation, oxidative stress, and impaired tissue repair. In recent years, exosomes have emerged as promising cell-free therapeutic platforms for OSDs. This review evaluates their therapeutic potential across the OSD spectrum, focusing on three key aspects: mechanisms\u2014modulation of inflammation, oxidative stress, and tissue repair via bioactive cargo; applications\u2014preclinical therapeutic effects in dry eye disease, corneal injury, keratitis, and transplant rejection; and optimization strategies\u2014engineering approaches and biomaterial integration to enhance stability, targeting, and ocular retention. We also discuss critical challenges in standardization, scalable production, and clinical translation, highlighting future directions for exosome-based OSD therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom16040512","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T13:40:52Z","timestamp":1774878052000},"page":"512","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Therapeutic Potential of Exosomes in Ocular Surface Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Lanxin","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Rd., Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyu","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Rd., Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Rd., Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Rd., Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2788-1851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyung Chul","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zihan","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zekai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baikai","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Rd., Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Rd., Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199906033402208","article-title":"Epithelial stem-cell transplantation for severe ocular-surface disease","volume":"340","author":"Holland","year":"1999","journal-title":"N. 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