{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T19:58:10Z","timestamp":1791489490717,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shanghai Sailing Program","award":["21YF1431000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21YF1431000"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ocular infections and inflammation represent a clear risk to eye health, but standard eye masks often lack the necessary therapeutic features. Moreover, most existing studies employ a blended electrospinning approach, which leads to an inhomogeneous spatial distribution of the therapeutic agents. However, using the coaxial technique can address these limitations. This study develops a coaxial electrospun nanofibrous eye mask with dual antibacterial and antioxidant functions, aiming to provide an innovative ocular treatment tool for eye care. Generally, a core-shell structured bilayer polycaprolactone-polylysine\/polyvinyl alcohol-resveratrol (PCL-PLs\/PVA-RSV) membrane is successfully prepared by coaxial electrospinning, where the core is resveratrol-loaded PVA and the shell is PLs-loaded PCL. Results show uniform fiber morphology, favorable hydrophilicity, and potential for sustained release due to core-shell design. The membrane significantly inhibits the growth of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli); at the same time, it exhibits excellent free radical scavenging ability and good component biocompatibility, achieving slow release of the two drugs and long-term antioxidant effect. This multifunctional platform offers a synergistic approach to combating microbial infection and oxidative stress, showing great potential for eye care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom16040554","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T08:56:07Z","timestamp":1775724967000},"page":"554","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["An Electrospun Fibrous Eye Mask with Antibacterial and Antioxidant Functions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xinhang","family":"Duan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leting","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuxuan","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligence Science and Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yili","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligence Science and Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingyue","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligence Science and Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hantong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligence Science and Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinghui","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Runfangke (Shanghai) Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201400, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8005-5460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenliang","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cps.2012.09.003","article-title":"Adjunctive skin care of the brow and periorbital region","volume":"40","author":"Bucay","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1097\/WON.0000000000000179","article-title":"Medical adhesive-related skin injury prevalence among adult acute care patients: A single-center observational study","volume":"42","author":"Farris","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Wound Ostomy Cont. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.136780","article-title":"A novel multi-functional skin-care dry mask based on bletilla striata polysaccharide electrospun nanofibers","volume":"282","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5439","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.9b07066","article-title":"Functional nanofibers and their applications","volume":"59","author":"Lou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5298","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.8b00593","article-title":"Electrospinning and electrospun nanofibers: Methods, materials, and applications","volume":"119","author":"Xue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.7b00218","article-title":"Electrospun nanofibers: New concepts, materials, and applications","volume":"50","author":"Xue","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10254","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.10254","article-title":"Chitosan nanofiber biocomposites for potential wound healing applications: Antioxidant activity with synergic antibacterial effect","volume":"7","author":"Bagheri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioeng. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2016.10.042","article-title":"Fabrication and characterization of PVA\/Gum tragacanth\/PCL hybrid nanofibrous scaffolds for skin substitutes","volume":"94","author":"Zarekhalili","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2014.04.051","article-title":"Biodegradable polymers for electrospinning: Towards biomedical applications","volume":"45","author":"Kai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, Y.-C., Hu, S.C., Huang, P.-H., Lin, T.-C., and Yen, F.-L. (2020). Electrospun resveratrol-loaded polyvinylpyrrolidone\/cyclodextrin nanofibers and their biomedical applications. Pharmaceutics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12060552"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marko, M., and Pawliczak, R. (2023). Resveratrol and its derivatives in inflammatory skin disorders\u2014Atopic dermatitis and psoriasis: A review. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12111954"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.238","article-title":"Biocompatible formulation of cationic antimicrobial peptide Polylysine (PLs) through nanotechnology principles and its potential role in food preservation\u2014A review","volume":"222","author":"Namasivayam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2021.120525","article-title":"Coaxial electrospun PVA\/PCL nanofibers with dual release of tea polyphenols and \u03b5-poly(L-lysine) as antioxidant and antibacterial wound dressing materials","volume":"601","author":"Lan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1039\/C9CC08095C","article-title":"Facile and scalable synthesis of topologically nanoengineered polypeptides with excellent antimicrobial activities","volume":"56","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2007.521","article-title":"Agar and broth dilution methods to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antimicrobial substances","volume":"3","author":"Wiegand","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0023-6438(95)80008-5","article-title":"Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity","volume":"28","author":"Cuvelier","year":"1995","journal-title":"LWT\u2014Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"100107","article-title":"Fabrication strategies of porous nanohybrids based on electrospinning","volume":"2","author":"Kang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Innov. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100154","DOI":"10.59717\/j.xinn-mater.2025.100154","article-title":"Tailoring self-assembled granular hydrogels (GHs) for immunomodulation and chronic wound healing","volume":"3","author":"Wan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Innov. Mater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100155","DOI":"10.59717\/j.xinn-mater.2025.100155","article-title":"Constitutionally isomeric antimicrobial peptides: Candidates for antibacterial treatment with morphology-dependent efficacy","volume":"3","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Innov. Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100164","DOI":"10.59717\/j.xinn-mater.2025.100164","article-title":"Research progress on the hemostatic mechanism of natural bio-based gel and its application in wound healing","volume":"3","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Innov. Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1039\/b415094e","article-title":"Electrospinning of nanofibers with core-sheath, hollow, or porous structures","volume":"15","author":"McCann","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, D., Li, Y., Dai, X., Li, Z., Cheng, K., Song, W., and Yu, D.-G. (2024). A soothing lavender-scented electrospun fibrous eye mask. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29225461"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2025.114260","article-title":"Highly adhesive asynchronous drug-releasing membrane for facial care: Combined anti-acne and anti-inflammatory properties","volume":"388","author":"Kang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Control Release"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtla.2020.100826","article-title":"Development of multilayered nanofibrous scaffolds with PCL and PVA: NaAlg using electrospinning technique for bone tissue regeneration","volume":"12","author":"Pattanashetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Materialia"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2021.107431","article-title":"Effect of protein topology on hierarchical complexation of epsilon-polylysine and protein: A multiscale structural analysis","volume":"125","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2014.01.058","article-title":"Fabrication and evaluation of (PVA\/HAp\/PCL) bilayer composites as potential scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration application","volume":"40","author":"Maheshwari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0109","DOI":"10.34133\/bmef.0109","article-title":"Functional bacterial cellulose-based mxene (ti3c2tx) electronic-skin patch for accelerated healing and monitoring","volume":"6","author":"Ilhan","year":"2025","journal-title":"BME Front."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"0115","article-title":"Research progress and application prospect of surface modification technology for medical catheters","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"BME Front."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117902","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.117902","article-title":"Characterization and antibacterial properties of epsilon-poly- L-lysine grafted multi-functional cellulose beads","volume":"262","author":"Nie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, J., Zheng, M., Hu, T., and Xu, C. (2023). Tissue engineering in neuroscience: Applications and perspectives. BME Front., 4.","DOI":"10.34133\/bmef.0007"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202211136","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202211136","article-title":"Spatiotemporally targeted polypeptide nanoantidotes improve chemotherapy tolerance of cisplatin","volume":"61","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2015.05.032","article-title":"Antibacterial activity and mechanism of cinnamon essential oil against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"59","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7758","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02204-14","article-title":"The antimicrobial mechanism of action of epsilon-poly-l-lysine","volume":"80","author":"Hyldgaard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Sousa, T., Saben\u00e7a, C., Ribeiro, M., Pino-Hurtado, M., Torres, C., H\u00e9braud, M., Alves, O., Sousa, S., Costa, E., and Igrejas, G. (2024). Activity of epsilon-poly-L-lysine against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates of urinary tract infections. Biomedicines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12030638"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2023.100938","article-title":"Photoactive Poly-L-Lysine gel with resveratrol-magnesium metal polyphenol network: A promising strategy for preventing tracheal anastomotic complications following surgery","volume":"24","author":"Jia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Zhang, C.Y., Zhang, J.H., Rao, Z.M., Xu, X.M., Mao, Z.G., and Chen, X.S. (2021). Epsilon-poly-l-lysine: Recent advances in biomanufacturing and applications. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.748976"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"(2009). Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices\u2014Part 5: Tests for In Vitro Cytotoxicity (Standard No. ISO 10993-5:2009)."}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/16\/4\/554\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T09:15:26Z","timestamp":1775726126000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/16\/4\/554"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["biom16040554"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom16040554","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-273X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]}}}