{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T12:13:18Z","timestamp":1785413598441,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004731","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LY24C190001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LY24C190001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["LY24C190001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LY24C190001"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04aqat463","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Ninbgo city","award":["2024J168"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024J168"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012279","name":"Zhejiang Xinmiao Talents Program","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2025R405A065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025R405A065"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012279","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Student Research and Innovation Program of Ningbo University","award":["2026SRIP1820"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026SRIP1820"]}]},{"award":["2026SRIP1820"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026SRIP1820"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03et85d35","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Transcription factor 19 (TCF19) is a multifunctional biomolecule located within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I region on chromosome 6p21.3. Structurally, TCF19 contains a plant homeodomain (PHD) finger that recognizes histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) and a forkhead-associated (FHA) domain with yet-uncharacterized functions. Emerging evidence positions TCF19 as a multifunctional regulator associated with cell cycle progression, transcriptional regulation, cancer progression, and immune modulation through epigenetic and signaling mechanisms. This review provides the first systematic synthesis of TCF19\u2019s structural domains, regulatory networks, and context-dependent functions across cancer and non-cancer diseases. We highlight critical knowledge gaps, including the unresolved function of its FHA domain and the lack of direct small-molecule inhibitors. In cancer, TCF19 drives proliferation, metastasis, immune evasion, and therapy resistance. Beyond cancer, TCF19 is involved in metabolic diseases, chronic infections, inflammatory disorders, and sensory deficits. TCF19 serves as a promising molecular biomarker for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment response monitoring, though direct targeting strategies remain unavailable.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom16040600","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T16:30:36Z","timestamp":1776443436000},"page":"600","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Emerging Role of Transcription Factor 19 (TCF19) in Inflammatory Disease and Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9422-247X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Fang","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ran","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan-Jun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun-Fei","family":"Dang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1291-8727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guan-Jun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9389-520X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.03.009","article-title":"Epigenetics in Human Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"29","author":"Ling","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.100978","article-title":"Emerging role of Jumonji domain-containing protein D3 in inflammatory diseases","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Anal."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgg.2019.09.005","article-title":"Histone modifications and their regulatory roles in plant development and environmental memory","volume":"46","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Genet. Genom."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2019.08.008","article-title":"An evolutionarily conserved function of polycomb silences the MHC class I antigen presentation pathway and enables immune evasion in cancer","volume":"36","author":"Burr","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shukla, A., Cloutier, M., Appiya Santharam, M., Ramanathan, S., and Ilangumaran, S. (2021). The MHC class-I transactivator NLRC5: Implications to cancer immunology and potential applications to cancer immunotherapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22041964"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, X., Watanabe, T., Oda , Y., Shen, W., Ahmad, A., Ouda, R., de Figueiredo, P., Kitamura, H., Tanaka  , S., and Kobayashi, K.S. (2024). Targeted demethylation and activation of NLRC5 augment cancer immunogenicity through MHC class I. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 121.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2310821121"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.1995.0008","article-title":"Feature mapping of the HLA class I region: Localization of the POU5F1 and TCF19 genes","volume":"30","author":"Krishnan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20362","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M117.786863","article-title":"Transcription factor 19 interacts with histone 3 lysine 4 trimethylation and controls gluconeogenesis via the nucleosome-remodeling-deacetylase complex","volume":"292","author":"Sen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9887","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S264614","article-title":"LncRNA MIR194-2HG promotes cell Proliferation and metastasis via regulation of miR-1207-5p\/TCF19\/Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling in liver cancer","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Onco Targets Ther."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12292","article-title":"Inflammatory peeling skin syndrome caused by homozygous genomic deletion in the PSORS1 region encompassing the CDSN gene","volume":"23","author":"Furio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.1999.tb01392.x","article-title":"Genome sequencing analysis of the 1.8 Mb entire human MHC class I region","volume":"167","author":"Shiina","year":"1999","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-0039.2000.550303.x","article-title":"Genetic polymorphisms in the cell growth regulated gene, SC1 telomeric of the HLA-C gene and lack of association of psoriasis vulgaris","volume":"55","author":"Teraoka","year":"2000","journal-title":"Tissue Antigens"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/8.12.2165","article-title":"Association analysis using refined microsatellite markers localizes a susceptibility locus for psoriasis vulgaris within a 111 kb segment telomeric to the HLA-C gene","volume":"8","author":"Oka","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.112944","article-title":"Targeting TCF19 sensitizes MSI endometrial cancer to anti-PD-1 therapy by alleviating CD8+ T cell exhaustion via TRIM14-IFN-\u03b2 axis","volume":"42","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ling, Y.H., Chen, Y., Leung, K.N., Chan, K.M., and Liu, W.K. (2023). Cell cycle regulation of the psoriasis associated gene CCHCR1 by transcription factor E2F1. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0294661"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v8.i10.485","article-title":"Host nucleotide polymorphism in hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"8","author":"Mathew","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1002\/cbin.11189","article-title":"TCF19 contributes to cell proliferation of non-small cell lung cancer by inhibiting FOXO1","volume":"43","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Int."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, G.H., Fontaine, D.A., Lodh, S., Blumer, J.T., Roopra, A., and Davis, D.B. (2021). TCF19 impacts a network of inflammatory and DNA damage response genes in the pancreatic \u03b2-cell. Metabolites, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11080513"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2017.03.011","article-title":"Expression and functional assessment of candidate type 2 diabetes susceptibility genes identify four new genes contributing to human insulin secretion","volume":"6","author":"Ndiaye","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"179","article-title":"A new growth-regulated complementary DNA with the sequence of a putative trans-activating factor","volume":"2","author":"Ku","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cell Growth Differ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biochem.9b00771","article-title":"TCF19 Promotes Cell Proliferation through Binding to the Histone H3K4me3 Mark","volume":"59","author":"Mondal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2020.08.010","article-title":"TIFA and TIFAB: FHA-domain proteins involved in inflammation, hematopoiesis, and disease","volume":"90","author":"Niederkorn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"re12","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.151re12","article-title":"Structure and function of the phosphothreonine-specific FHA domain","volume":"1","author":"Mahajan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sci. Signal."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(01)03294-X","article-title":"The FHA domain","volume":"513","author":"Durocher","year":"2002","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20346","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1009008107","article-title":"Phosphorylation-independent dual-site binding of the FHA domain of KIF13 mediates phosphoinositide transport via centaurin alpha1","volume":"107","author":"Tong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2016.12.003","article-title":"FHA domains: Phosphopeptide binding and beyond","volume":"127","author":"Almawi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miao, R., Guo, X., Zhi, Q., Shi, Y., Li, L., Mao, X., Zhang, L., and Li, C. (2013). VEZT, a novel putative tumor suppressor, suppresses the growth and tumorigenicity of gastric cancer. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0074409"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1136\/jmedgenet-2020-107410","article-title":"Genetic variants associated with expression of TCF19 contribute to the risk of head and neck cancer in Chinese population","volume":"59","author":"Ji","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-013-3006-x","article-title":"Nupr1 deletion protects against glucose intolerance by increasing beta cell mass","volume":"56","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E600","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00147.2013","article-title":"Tcf19 is a novel islet factor necessary for proliferation and survival in the INS-1 \u03b2-cell line","volume":"305","author":"Krautkramer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sebastian-delaCruz, M., Olazagoitia-Garmendia, A., Gonzalez-Moro, I., Santin, I., Garcia-Etxebarria, K., and Castellanos-Rubio, A. (2020). Implication of m6A mRNA Methylation in Susceptibility to Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Epigenomes, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/epigenomes4030016"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.4149\/neo_2018_171227N845","article-title":"TCF19 enhances cell proliferation in hepatocellular carcinoma by activating the ATK\/FOXO1 signaling pathway","volume":"66","author":"Zeng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neoplasma"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.2174\/0115680096360071241215171342","article-title":"TCF19 Enhances Glioma Cell Proliferation via Modulating the \u0392-Catenin Signaling Pathway through Accelerating DHX32 Transcription","volume":"25","author":"Tan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Cancer Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.24272\/j.issn.2095-8137.2022.464","article-title":"Current understanding of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway: Structure, regulatory mechanisms, and related diseases","volume":"44","author":"Pan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Zool. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70519","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202401343RRR","article-title":"TCF19\/CDKN2A Regulates Glycolysis and Macrophage M2 Polarization for Osteosarcoma Progression","volume":"39","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.216995","article-title":"Deciphering the TCF19\/miR-199a-5p\/SP1\/LOXL2 pathway: Implications for breast cancer metastasis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition","volume":"597","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"655","article-title":"TCF19 aggravates the malignant progression of colorectal cancer by negatively regulating WWC1","volume":"24","author":"Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1828","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biochem.4c00491","article-title":"TCF7l2 Regulates Fatty Acid Chain Elongase HACD3 during Lipid-Induced Stress","volume":"64","author":"Mondal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehravar, M., Ghaemimanesh, F., and Poursani, E.M. (2021). Exon and intron sharing in opposite direction-an undocumented phenomenon in human genome-between Pou5f1 and Tcf19 genes. BMC Genom., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-021-08039-6"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32549-6","article-title":"Psoriasis","volume":"397","author":"Griffiths","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1086\/503821","article-title":"Sequence and haplotype analysis supports HLA-C as the psoriasis susceptibility 1 gene","volume":"78","author":"Nair","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2006.07420.x","article-title":"Psoriasis vulgaris in Chinese individuals is associated with PSORS1C3 and CDSN genes","volume":"155","author":"Chang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/682782","article-title":"Psoriasis-associated genetic polymorphism in North Indian population in the CCHCR1 gene and in a genomic segment flanking the HLA-C region","volume":"31","author":"Gandhi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dis. Markers"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2025.101292","article-title":"Recent insights into the roles and therapeutic potentials of GLS1 in inflammatory diseases","volume":"15","author":"Sheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Anal."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1186\/2193-1801-2-230","article-title":"An omnibus permutation test on ensembles of two-locus analyses can detect pure epistasis and genetic heterogeneity in genome-wide association studies","volume":"2","author":"Setsirichok","year":"2013","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-010-0908-2","article-title":"Conditional meta-analysis stratifying on detailed HLA genotypes identifies a novel type 1 diabetes locus around TCF19 in the MHC","volume":"129","author":"Cheung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01655-5","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes","volume":"400","author":"Ahmad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2334","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-014-3351-4","article-title":"Variants associated with type 2 diabetes identified by the transethnic meta-analysis study: Assessment in American Indians and evidence for a new signal in LPP","volume":"57","author":"Nair","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harder, M.N., Appel, E.V.R., Grarup, N., Gjesing, A.P., Ahluwalia, T.S., J\u00f8rgensen, T., Christensen, C., Brandslund, I., Linneberg, A., and S\u00f8rensen, T.I.A. (2015). The type 2 diabetes risk allele of TMEM154-rs6813195 associates with decreased beta cell function in a study of 6,486 Danes. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120890"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00549-4","article-title":"Immunobiology and pathogenesis of hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"22","author":"Iannacone","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4233","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddt266","article-title":"A genome-wide association study identified new variants associated with the risk of chronic hepatitis B","volume":"22","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Posuwan, N., Payungporn, S., Tangkijvanich, P., Ogawa, S., Murakami, S., Iijima, S., Matsuura, K., Shinkai, N., Watanabe, T., and Poovorawan, Y. (2014). Genetic association of human leukocyte antigens with chronicity or resolution of hepatitis B infection in thai population. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086007"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24350","article-title":"Host genetic variants influencing the clinical course of hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"88","author":"Matsuura","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27794","article-title":"Genetic variants in five novel loci including CFB and CD40 predispose to chronic hepatitis B","volume":"62","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.13245","article-title":"Identification of novel OCT4 genetic variant associated with the risk of chronic hepatitis B in a Korean population","volume":"37","author":"Shin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2014.04.003","article-title":"Homozygous deletion of six genes including corneodesmosin on chromosome 6p21.3 is associated with generalized peeling skin disease","volume":"75","author":"Teye","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"e789","article-title":"Hypotrichosis simplex of the scalp and peeling skin disease, two sides of the same coin","volume":"36","author":"Torrelo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1111\/cge.12294","article-title":"Alu-mediated large deletion of the CDSN gene as a cause of peeling skin disease","volume":"86","author":"Wada","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Genet."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/cge.13956","article-title":"Exome sequencing utility in defining the genetic landscape of hearing loss and novel-gene discovery in Iran","volume":"100","author":"Mohseni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Genet."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1089\/omi.2024.0172","article-title":"Age-related hearing impairment: Genome and blood methylome data integration reveals candidate epigenetic biomarkers","volume":"28","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"OMICS"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00966-2","article-title":"Ulcerative colitis","volume":"402","author":"Honap","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-021-03189-8","article-title":"Gadolinium: Pharmacokinetics and toxicity in humans and laboratory animals following contrast agent administration","volume":"96","author":"Davies","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-024-03885-8","article-title":"Gadolinium retention effect on macrophages\u2014a potential cause of MRI contrast agent Dotarem toxicity","volume":"397","author":"Halasa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16043","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-01180-2","article-title":"Unveiling the role of TCF19 in intervertebral disc degeneration with single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing","volume":"15","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.21147\/j.issn.1000-9604.2024.02.06","article-title":"New insights into mechanisms and interventions of locoregional therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"36","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"606","article-title":"Metastatic pancreatic cancer and the liver","volume":"21","author":"Kotsiliti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21814","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202002486RR","article-title":"TCF19 and p53 regulate transcription of TIGAR and SCO2 in HCC for mitochondrial energy metabolism and stress adaptation","volume":"35","author":"Mondal","year":"2021","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1488165","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1488165","article-title":"Immunotherapeutic value of Transcription factor 19 (TCF19) associated with renal clear cell carcinoma: A comprehensive analysis of 33 human cancer cases","volume":"2022","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-023-03185-1","article-title":"Transcription factors-related molecular subtypes and risk prognostic model: Exploring the immunogenicity landscape and potential drug targets in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25183","article-title":"The biology and management of non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"553","author":"Herbst","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2023.05.008","article-title":"Advancements in small cell lung cancer","volume":"93","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranon.2024.101978","article-title":"TCF19 promotes cell proliferation and tumor formation in lung cancer by activating the Raf\/MEK\/ERK signaling pathway","volume":"45","author":"Tian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transl. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-024-00516-y","article-title":"Glioma","volume":"10","author":"Weller","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00324-8","article-title":"Endometrial cancer","volume":"7","author":"Makker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2302312","article-title":"Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy in advanced endometrial cancer","volume":"388","author":"Eskander","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-021-00519-8","article-title":"Advancing therapy for osteosarcoma","volume":"18","author":"Gill","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-022-00409-y","article-title":"Osteosarcoma","volume":"8","author":"Beird","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-024-02011-0","article-title":"KDM5 family as therapeutic targets in breast cancer: Pathogenesis and therapeutic opportunities and challenges","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s13058-025-02024-7","article-title":"Advances in CTC and ctDNA detection techniques: Opportunities for improving breast cancer care","volume":"27","author":"Zhong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-025-02546-8","article-title":"TCF19 expression and significance analysis in breast cancer: Integrated bioinformatics analysis and histological validation","volume":"16","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, Y., Huang, H., Shi, J., and Jin, H. (2022). Identification of candidate genes in breast cancer induced by estrogen plus progestogens using bioinformatic analysis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911892"},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"233","article-title":"Colorectal cancer statistics, 2023","volume":"73","author":"Siegel","year":"2023","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-023-00432-7","article-title":"Young-onset colorectal cancer","volume":"9","author":"Spaander","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"264","article-title":"Current treatment and recent progress in gastric cancer","volume":"71","author":"Joshi","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31288-5","article-title":"Gastric cancer","volume":"396","author":"Smyth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"12","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2024","volume":"74","author":"Siegel","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-022-00714-1","article-title":"Advances in the clinical management of uveal melanoma","volume":"20","author":"Carvajal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8446","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201708446","article-title":"Co-targeting BET and MEK as salvage therapy for MAPK and checkpoint inhibitor-resistant melanoma","volume":"10","author":"Guterres","year":"2018","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.26348","article-title":"Thyroid Cancer: A Review","volume":"331","author":"Boucai","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(22)00101-2","article-title":"Diagnosis of thyroid nodules","volume":"10","author":"Alexander","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"6488","article-title":"Multidimensional data analysis revealed thyroiditis-associated TCF19 SNP rs2073724 as a highly ranked protective variant in thyroid cancer","volume":"16","author":"Ruan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1007\/s10637-019-00818-z","article-title":"A new BET inhibitor, 171, inhibits tumor growth through cell proliferation inhibition more than apoptosis induction","volume":"38","author":"Damaneh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Investig. New Drugs"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3634","DOI":"10.1002\/1878-0261.70118","article-title":"A bioinformatics screen identifies TCF19 as an aggressiveness-sustaining gene in prostate cancer","volume":"19","author":"Ercilla","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Armstrong, A.E., Belzberg, A.J., Crawford, J.R., Hirbe, A.C., and Wang, Z.J. (2023). Treatment decisions and the use of MEK inhibitors for children with neurofibromatosis type 1-related plexiform neurofibromas. BMC Cancer, 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-023-10996-y"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-019-0017-4","article-title":"The current state and future directions of RNAi-based therapeutics","volume":"18","author":"Setten","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34817","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.34817","article-title":"Regenerating hair cells in vestibular sensory epithelia from humans","volume":"7","author":"Taylor","year":"2018","journal-title":"eLife"}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/16\/4\/600\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T04:11:34Z","timestamp":1776571894000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/16\/4\/600"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["biom16040600"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom16040600","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-273X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]}}}