{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T17:25:52Z","timestamp":1785432352633,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN 2020-05274"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN 2020-05274"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["RGPIN 2020-05274"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN 2020-05274"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h531d29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Growth media for human cell culture were developed in the twentieth century, when the first immortal human cell lines were established. The nutrient compositions of these media arose not from a desire to reproduce the microenvironment of the cells in vivo, but rather to encourage continuous replicative growth. Armed with comprehensive datasets detailing the metabolomes of the various fluid compartments within which cells reside, cell culturists are now exploring the effects of media designed to reproduce the in vivo environment on cell biology. The early results of this research indicate the media composition has profound impacts on cell form and function. In parallel, taking care to maintain oxygen at the relatively low levels found in vivo also affects many cellular activities. The lessons learned from \u2018physiological cell culture\u2019 should be applied to the culture of human embryos in the in vitro fertilization (IVF) clinic, where a critical stage of growth and development might be best supported by recreating, to the greatest extent possible, the environment of the oviduct and uterus. In this review, we translate recent advancements in physiological cell culture to emerging approaches in human embryo culture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom16050618","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T09:01:24Z","timestamp":1776848484000},"page":"618","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Applying the Lessons of Physiological Cell Culture to Human Embryo Culture for In Vitro Fertilization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Abigail","family":"Pokorski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9468-0080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Alva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1833-5479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob E.","family":"Wiebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5894-0300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey A.","family":"Stuart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Canadian Fertility and Andrology Society (2026, April 01). Canadian IVF Clinics Continue to Improve Patient Safety by Bringing the Multiple Pregnancy Rate Arising from IVF to an All-Time Low of 7.4%. Available online: https:\/\/cfas.ca\/_Library\/CARTR\/2019_CARTR_Press_Release_PDF.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"492","article-title":"Is Blastocyst Culture Responsible for Higher Pregnancy Rates? A Critical Analysis of the Day of Optimal Embryo Transfer and Embryo Quality","volume":"26","author":"Mettler","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Bras. Reprod. Assist."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2391","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dead212","article-title":"Blastocyst Quality and Reproductive and Perinatal Outcomes: A Multinational Multicentre Observational Study","volume":"38","author":"Zou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-024-00792-0","article-title":"The Maternal-to-Zygotic Transition: Reprogramming of the Cytoplasm and Nucleus","volume":"26","author":"Kojima","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menezo, Y., Cl\u00e9ment, P., and Dale, B. (2019). DNA Methylation Patterns in the Early Human Embryo and the Epigenetic\/Imprinting Problems: A Plea for a More Careful Approach to Human Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART). Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20061342"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.08.048","article-title":"MTOR Activity Paces Human Blastocyst Stage Developmental Progression","volume":"187","author":"Iyer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00026.2020","article-title":"Regulation and Metabolic Functions of MTORC1 and MTORC2","volume":"101","author":"Szwed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaau7314","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aau7314","article-title":"Improving the Metabolic Fidelity of Cancer Models with a Physiological Cell Culture Medium","volume":"5","author":"Ackermann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moradi, F., Moffatt, C., and Stuart, J.A. (2021). The Effect of Oxygen and Micronutrient Composition of Cell Growth Media on Cancer Cell Bioenergetics and Mitochondrial Networks. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11081177"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Peng, W., Yu, A., Fokar, M., and Mechref, Y. (2022). Comparative Transcriptomics and Proteomics of Cancer Cell Lines Cultivated by Physiological and Commercial Media. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12111575"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1134\/S0026893322050077","article-title":"Physiological Media in Studies of Cell Metabolism","volume":"56","author":"Golikov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C878","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00581.2022","article-title":"Physiologically Relevant Culture Medium Plasmax Improves Human Placental Trophoblast Stem Cell Function","volume":"324","author":"Avellino","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.03.023","article-title":"Physiologic Medium Rewires Cellular Metabolism and Reveals Uric Acid as an Endogenous Inhibitor of UMP Synthase","volume":"169","author":"Cantor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C959","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00452.2024","article-title":"Tumour Microenvironment-Like Conditions Alter Pancreatic Cancer Cell Metabolism and Behaviour","volume":"327","author":"Gardner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12459","DOI":"10.1002\/rmb2.12459","article-title":"Creation, Effects on Embryo Quality, and Clinical Outcomes of a New Embryo Culture Medium with 31 Optimized Components Derived from Human Oviduct Fluid: A Prospective Multicenter Randomized Trial","volume":"21","author":"Utsunomiya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reprod. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"127","article-title":"What Do You Mean, You Don\u2019t Know What Is in the Culture Media?","volume":"4","author":"Paulson","year":"2023","journal-title":"F S Rep."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deae248","article-title":"The Composition of Commercially Available Human Embryo Culture Media","volume":"40","author":"Zagers","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dms061","article-title":"Embryo Culture Media and IVF\/ICSI Success Rates: A Systematic Review","volume":"19","author":"Mantikou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dez102","article-title":"The Composition of Human Preimplantation Embryo Culture Media and Their Stability during Storage and Culture","volume":"34","author":"Tarahomi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Moore, K.L., Persaud, T.V.N., and Torchia, M.G. (2018). The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology, Saunders. [11th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tarahomi, M., Zagers, M.S., Zafardoust, S., Mohammadzadeh, A., Fathi, Z., Sareban, H., Fatemi, F., Fakhr, S., Hamer, G., and Repping, S. (2024). In vivo Human Uterine Temperature, pH, and Uterine Fluid Composition Analysis. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.11.18.623470"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.5152\/jtgga.2011.25","article-title":"Embryo Culture Media for Human IVF: Which Possibilities Exist?","volume":"12","author":"Gruber","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Turk. Ger. Gynecol. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alva, R., Gardner, G.L., Liang, P., and Stuart, J.A. (2022). Supraphysiological Oxygen Levels in Mammalian Cell Culture: Current State and Future Perspectives. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11193123"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kes, M.M.G., Berkers, C.R., and Drost, J. (2024). Bridging the Gap: Advancing Cancer Cell Culture to Reveal Key Metabolic Targets. Front. Oncol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1480613"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70088","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.70088","article-title":"Lactate Promotes the Second Cell Fate Decision in Blastocysts by Prompting Primitive Endoderm Formation Through an Intercellular Positive Feedback Loop That Couples Paracrine FGF Signalling","volume":"58","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Prolif."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s13072-021-00431-6","article-title":"Hypoxic in Vitro Culture Reduces Histone Lactylation and Impairs Pre-Implantation Embryonic Development in Mice","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epigenetics Chromatin"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2024.150256","article-title":"Metabolic Regulation of Preimplantation Embryo Development in Vivo and in Vitro: Molecular Mechanisms and Insights","volume":"726","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gurner, K.H., and Gardner, D.K. (2025). Blastocyst-Derived Lactate as a Key Facilitator of Implantation. Biomolecules, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15010100"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)58097-2","article-title":"Environment of the Preimplantation Human Embryo in Vivo: Metabolite Analysis of Oviduct and Uterine Fluids and Metabolism of Cumulus Cells","volume":"65","author":"Gardner","year":"1996","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2019.05.004","article-title":"Cell Culture Medium Formulation and Its Implications in Cancer Metabolism","volume":"5","author":"Ackermann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod62.1.16","article-title":"Lactate Regulates Pyruvate Uptake and Metabolism in the Preimplantation Mouse Embryo","volume":"62","author":"Lane","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01151-3","article-title":"Lactate Metabolism in Human Health and Disease","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, Z., Zheng, X., Shi, M., Yin, Y., Liang, Y., Zou, Z., Ding, C., He, Y., Zhou, Y., and Li, X. (2024). Lactylation: The Emerging Frontier in Post-Translational Modification. Front. Genet., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2024.1423213"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-024-05349-2","article-title":"Lactate Modulates Zygotic Genome Activation through H3K18 Lactylation Rather than H3K27 Acetylation","volume":"81","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, D., Zheng, H., Lu, W., Tian, X., Sun, Y., and Peng, H. (2024). Histone Lactylation Is Involved in Mouse Oocyte Maturation and Embryo Development. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25094821"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C823","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00403.2021","article-title":"Rapid Nutrient Depletion to below the Physiological Range by Cancer Cells Cultured in Plasmax","volume":"323","author":"Gardner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2757","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deac233","article-title":"Incubator Type Affects Human Blastocyst Formation and Embryo Metabolism: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"37","author":"Kermack","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-11-0484","article-title":"Metabolism of the Preimplantation Embryo: 40 Years On","volume":"143","author":"Leese","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2009.05.008","article-title":"Continuous Uninterrupted Single Medium Culture without Medium Renewal versus Sequential Media Culture: A Sibling Embryo Study","volume":"92","author":"Reed","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"128","article-title":"Comparison of Two Commercial Embryo Culture Media (SAGE-1 Step Single Medium vs. G1-PLUSTM\/G2-PLUSTM Sequential Media): Influence on in Vitro Fertilization Outcomes and Human Embryo Quality","volume":"22","author":"Armada","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Bras. Reprod. Assist."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"240","article-title":"Single versus Sequential Culture Medium: Which Is Better at Improving Ongoing Pregnancy Rates? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"21","author":"Dieamant","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Bras. Reprod. Assist."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjog.2020.08.001","article-title":"The Influence of the Type of Embryo Culture Media on the Outcome of IVF\/ICSI Cycles","volume":"59","author":"Stimpfel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Taiwan. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00041.2017","article-title":"Defining Physiological Normoxia for Improved Translation of Cell Physiology to Animal Models and Humans","volume":"99","author":"Keeley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmx028","article-title":"In Vivo Oxygen, Temperature and pH Dynamics in the Female Reproductive Tract and Their Importance in Human Conception: A Systematic Review","volume":"24","author":"Ng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marsico, T.V., Silva, M.V., Valente, R.S., Annes, K., Rissi, V.B., Glanzner, W.G., and Sudano, M.J. (2023). Unraveling the Consequences of Oxygen Imbalance on Early Embryo Development: Exploring Mitigation Strategies. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13132171"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.07.1707","article-title":"In Vitro Culture under Physiologic Oxygen Concentration Improves Blastocyst Yield and Quality: A Prospective Randomized Survey on Sibling Oocytes","volume":"91","author":"Ciray","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-013-0032-z","article-title":"The Effect of Two Distinct Levels of Oxygen Concentration on Embryo Development in a Sibling Oocyte Study","volume":"30","author":"Kasterstein","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Assist. Reprod. Genet."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.03.051","article-title":"Low-Oxygen Compared with High-Oxygen Atmosphere in Blastocyst Culture, a Prospective Randomized Study","volume":"91","author":"Hellberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"hoz036","DOI":"10.1093\/hropen\/hoz036","article-title":"Reduced Oxygen Concentration during Human IVF Culture Improves Embryo Utilization and Cumulative Pregnancy Rates per Cycle","volume":"2020","author":"Arts","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Open"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22313","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-01488-9","article-title":"Impact of Oxygen Tension According to Embryo Stage of Development: A Prospective Randomized Study","volume":"11","author":"Herbemont","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2013.03.044","article-title":"Reduced Oxygen Tension Improves Embryo Quality but Not Clinical Pregnancy Rates: A Randomized Clinical Study into Ovum Donation Cycles","volume":"100","author":"Albert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/14.2.465","article-title":"Effect of Oxygen Concentration on Human In-Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Culture*","volume":"14","author":"Dumoulin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S1472-6483(10)60199-X","article-title":"Influence of Atmospheric versus Reduced Oxygen Concentration on Development of Human Blastocysts in Vitro: A Prospective Study on Sibling Oocytes","volume":"17","year":"2008","journal-title":"Reprod. Biomed. Online"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.02.037","article-title":"Low versus Atmospheric Oxygen Tension for Embryo Culture in Assisted Reproduction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"106","author":"Nastri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-9-143","article-title":"IVF\/ICSI Outcomes after Culture of Human Embryos at Low Oxygen Tension: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"9","author":"Oliveira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1017\/S0967199418000618","article-title":"Influence of Human Embryo Cultivation in a Classic CO2 Incubator with 20% Oxygen versus Benchtop Incubator with 5% Oxygen on Live Births: The Randomized Prospective Trial","volume":"27","author":"Gelo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zygote"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"105","article-title":"A Review of Factors Influencing the Implantation of Euploid Blastocysts after in Vitro Fertilization","volume":"3","author":"Reshef","year":"2022","journal-title":"F S Rev."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ESHRE Guideline Group on Good Practice in IVF Labs, De los Santos, M.J., Apter, S., Coticchio, G., Debrock, S., Lundin, K., Plancha, C.E., Prados, F., Rienzi, L., and Verheyen, G. (2016). Revised Guidelines for Good Practice in IVF Laboratories (2015). Hum. Reprod., 31, 685\u2013686.","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dew016"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod62.6.1866","article-title":"Oxidative Phosphorylation-Dependent and -Independent Oxygen Consumption by Individual Preimplantation Mouse Embryos","volume":"62","author":"Trimarchi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3751","DOI":"10.1021\/ac010339j","article-title":"Oxygen Consumption of Single Bovine Embryos Probed by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy","volume":"73","author":"Shiku","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-011-9549-1","article-title":"Embryo Quality, Blastocyst and Ongoing Pregnancy Rates in Oocyte Donation Patients Whose Embryos Were Monitored by Time-Lapse Imaging","volume":"28","author":"Cruz","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Assist. Reprod. Genet."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2014.07.738","article-title":"Clinical Validation of Embryo Culture and Selection by Morphokinetic Analysis: A Randomized, Controlled Trial of the EmbryoScope","volume":"102","author":"Rubio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2017.10.008","article-title":"Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Embryo Culture in Two Incubator Systems: G185 K-System versus EmbryoScope","volume":"109","author":"Barberet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1080\/14647273.2016.1258735","article-title":"Embryos Cultured in a Time-Lapse System Result in Superior Treatment Outcomes: A Strict Matched Pair Analysis","volume":"20","author":"Barrie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Fertil."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Armstrong, S., Bhide, P., Jordan, V., Pacey, A., Marjoribanks, J., and Farquhar, C. (2019). Time-Lapse Systems for Embryo Incubation and Assessment in Assisted Reproduction. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011320.pub4"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/14647273.2020.1729423","article-title":"Live Birth Rate Following Undisturbed Embryo Culture at Low Oxygen in a Time-Lapse Incubator Compared to a High-Quality Benchtop Incubator","volume":"25","author":"Kalleas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum. Fertil."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014788821965","article-title":"Protein Supplementation of Human IVF Culture Media","volume":"19","author":"Blake","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Assist. Reprod. Genet."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-014-0349-2","article-title":"Composition of Protein Supplements Used for Human Embryo Culture","volume":"31","author":"Morbeck","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Assist. Reprod. Genet."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2371","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-021-02255-5","article-title":"Albumin Used in Human IVF Contain Different Levels of Lipids and Modify Embryo and Fetal Growth in a Mouse Model","volume":"38","author":"Villarosa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Assist. Reprod. Genet."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"50","article-title":"Fatty Acids Present in Commercial Albumin Preparations Differentially Affect Development of Murine Embryos before and during Implantation","volume":"2","author":"Logsdon","year":"2021","journal-title":"F S Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S56","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(02)03528-8","article-title":"Recombinant Human Albumin as Protein Source in Culture Media Used for in Vitro Fertilization, a Prospective Randomized Study","volume":"78","author":"Bungum","year":"2002","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1071\/RD09219","article-title":"Towards the Use of Microfluidics for Individual Embryo Culture","volume":"22","author":"Krisher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil. Dev."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmr006","article-title":"Advances in Embryo Culture Platforms: Novel Approaches to Improve Preimplantation Embryo Development through Modifications of the Microenvironment","volume":"17","author":"Swain","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/16\/5\/618\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T09:55:59Z","timestamp":1776851759000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/16\/5\/618"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["biom16050618"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom16050618","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-273X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]}}}