{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T18:07:02Z","timestamp":1779386822832,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nesfatin-1 and ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT) have established roles in metabolic regulation and neuronal excitability, yet their relationship in epilepsy remains conflicted. This cross-sectional study compared 22 adolescent epilepsy patients (13.1 \u00b1 2.0 years; 11 women\/11 men) with 20 age-matched healthy controls (HCs) (12.3 \u00b1 2.2 years; 8 women\/12 men). Serum and salivary nesfatin-1 and GOAT levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; Spearman\u2019s rank correlation assessed inter-neuropeptide relationships. Serum nesfatin-1 was markedly elevated in patients with epilepsy compared to HCs (44.04 (interquartile range 38.19\u201376.72) vs. 8.65 (interquartile range 7.82\u20139.01) ng\/mL, p &lt; 0.001; ~5-fold). Serum GOAT was similarly elevated (4.90 (interquartile range 4.17\u20136.66) vs. 1.41 (interquartile range 1.21\u20131.79) ng\/mL, p &lt; 0.001; 3.5-fold). A significant inverse correlation between serum nesfatin-1 and GOAT levels was identified in patients with epilepsy (rho = \u22120.68, 95% CI [\u22120.86, \u22120.36], p &lt; 0.001) but not in HCs (p = 0.53) and remained independent of age, sex, body mass index and epilepsy type. This inverse correlation was significant in women (rho = \u22120.68, p = 0.021) with a similar trend in men (rho = \u22120.53, p = 0.096). Salivary nesfatin-1 mirrored serum patterns (2.3-fold increase; p &lt; 0.001), while salivary GOAT showed a 9-fold reduction (p &lt; 0.001). This study provides the first evidence of an inverse nesfatin-1\/GOAT correlation in adolescent epilepsy, suggesting disease-specific neuroendocrine dysregulation. These exploratory findings support the potential of these neuropeptides as candidate biomarkers warranting further validation and offer new insights into the metabolic-excitability axis in epilepsy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom16050658","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T10:34:42Z","timestamp":1777458882000},"page":"658","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Inverse Correlation Between Nesfatin-1 and Ghrelin O-Acyltransferase (GOAT) in Adolescents with Epilepsy: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Sojka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics and Gerostomatology, Pozna\u0144 University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4110-8002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ozgun","family":"Yetkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Neurology, Pozna\u0144 University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Pozna\u0144, Poland"},{"name":"Doctoral School, Pozna\u0144 University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasmin","family":"Bartosik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics and Gerostomatology, Pozna\u0144 University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Steinborn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Neurology, Pozna\u0144 University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3659-7761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Dorocka-Bobkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics and Gerostomatology, Pozna\u0144 University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9800-9446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Zarowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Neurology, Pozna\u0144 University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003509","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence of epilepsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of international studies","volume":"88","author":"Fiest","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2179","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.14596","article-title":"The epidemiology of drug-resistant epilepsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"59","author":"Kalilani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.120.019539","article-title":"Drug Resistance in Epilepsy: Clinical Impact, Potential Mechanisms, and New Innovative Treatment Options","volume":"72","author":"Potschka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. 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