{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T14:45:31Z","timestamp":1787496331438,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":241,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CA267103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA267103"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CA269339"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA269339"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CA286431"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA286431"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["CA267103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA267103"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["CA269339"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA269339"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["CA286431"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA286431"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"DoD PCRP","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HT9425-23-1-0135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HT9425-23-1-0135"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cancer immunotherapy has transformed oncology by harnessing the immune system to recognize and eliminate malignant cells. However, many cancers exhibit limited or variable responses to this class of treatment due to insufficient antigen presentation and impaired interferon (IFN) signaling, creating an immunologically \u201ccold\u201d tumor microenvironment (TME) characterized by poor immune cell infiltration and treatment resistance. Viral mimicry has emerged as a therapeutic strategy to overcome these limitations by reactivating innate antiviral pathways within tumor cells. Viral mimicry occurs through the reactivation of endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) and other retrotransposons (e.g., LINE-1), which subsequently stimulate downstream nucleic acid sensing pathways. The resulting type I\/III IFN responses restore antigen presentation and attract cytotoxic immune cells, sensitizing resistant tumors to immunotherapy. However, systemic stimulation of these pathways can trigger context-dependent inflammation and adaptive resistance, highlighting the need for temporal and spatial control. In this review, we examine the mechanistic foundation and clinical trajectory of viral mimicry, with an emphasis on its potential integration with established treatments and engineered immune cell platforms. By identifying the molecular and clinical gaps, viral mimicry can be harnessed to enhance tumor-specific immune activation and overcome treatment resistance in cancer immunotherapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom16050709","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T16:46:18Z","timestamp":1779381978000},"page":"709","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Mechanism and Therapeutic Potential of Viral Mimicry in Cancer Immunotherapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6057-351X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alisha Pearl","family":"Kirkland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Genome and Epigenetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8306-2682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahek","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Genome and Epigenetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0453-6796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles","family":"Spruck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Genome and Epigenetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2025, October 12). The Global Cancer Burden. Available online: https:\/\/www.cancer.org\/about-us\/our-global-health-work\/global-cancer-burden.html."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2443198","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.43198","article-title":"Global Disparities of Cancer and Its Projected Burden in 2050","volume":"7","author":"Bizuayehu","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2517","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1104621","article-title":"Ipilimumab plus Dacarbazine for Previously Untreated Metastatic Melanoma","volume":"364","author":"Robert","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01522-4","article-title":"Immune checkpoint therapy for solid tumours: Clinical dilemmas and future trends","volume":"8","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-021-00552-7","article-title":"Enhancing immunotherapy in cancer by targeting emerging immunomodulatory pathways","volume":"19","author":"Kraehenbuehl","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1703481","article-title":"Immune-Related Adverse Events Associated with Immune Checkpoint Blockade","volume":"378","author":"Postow","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin, Q., Wu, L., Han, L., Zheng, X., Tong, R., Li, L., Bai, L., and Bian, Y. (2023). Immune-related adverse events of immune checkpoint inhibitors: A review. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1167975"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adengl.2019.05.021","article-title":"Using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE\u2014Version 5.0) to Evaluate the Severity of Adverse Events of Anticancer Therapies","volume":"112","author":"Santana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Actas Dermo-Sifiliogr. (Engl. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2020.07.004","article-title":"Clinical Challenges of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors","volume":"38","author":"Calvo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e008591","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2023-008591","article-title":"Chronic immune-related adverse events arising from immune checkpoint inhibitors: An update","volume":"12","author":"Fletcher","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2023.02.016","article-title":"The evolving tumor microenvironment: From cancer initiation to metastatic outgrowth","volume":"41","author":"Joyce","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.06.006","article-title":"Tumor Cell-Intrinsic Factors Underlie Heterogeneity of Immune Cell Infiltration and Response to Immunotherapy","volume":"49","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-023-06110-6","article-title":"Stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment: Accomplices of tumor progression?","volume":"14","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21349","article-title":"Elements of cancer immunity and the cancer\u2013immune set point","volume":"541","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2013.02.009","article-title":"Cancer immunotherapy strategies based on overcoming barriers within the tumor microenvironment","volume":"25","author":"Gajewski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14011","article-title":"Predictive correlates of response to the anti-PD-L1 antibody MPDL3280A in cancer patients","volume":"515","author":"Herbst","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa1348","article-title":"Mutational landscape determines sensitivity to PD-1 blockade in non\u2013small cell lung cancer","volume":"348","author":"Rizvi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-18-0277","article-title":"T cell\u2013inflamed versus non-T cell\u2013inflamed tumors: A conceptual framework for cancer immunotherapy drug development and combination therapy selection","volume":"6","author":"Trujillo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s40164-024-00543-1","article-title":"Tumor battlefield within inflamed, excluded or desert immune phenotypes: The mechanisms and strategies","volume":"13","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2025.189353","article-title":"Breaking the immune desert: Strategies for overcoming the immunological challenges of pancreatic cancer","volume":"1880","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)\u2014Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1002\/cac2.12539","article-title":"Immunologic tumor microenvironment modulators for turning cold tumors hot","volume":"44","author":"Khosravi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Commun."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4118","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31764-9","article-title":"Hypoxia induces HIF1\u03b1-dependent epigenetic vulnerability in triple negative breast cancer to confer immune effector dysfunction and resistance to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy","volume":"13","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e178540","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI178540","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation of tumor immunity","volume":"134","author":"Pang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.07.056","article-title":"DNA-Demethylating Agents Target Colorectal Cancer Cells by Inducing Viral Mimicry by Endogenous Transcripts","volume":"162","author":"Roulois","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-025-02477-6","article-title":"Turning cold tumors into hot tumors to ignite immunotherapy","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-04938-w","article-title":"Harnessing the potential of HLA-G in cancer therapy: Advances, challenges, and prospects","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.07.011","article-title":"Inhibiting DNA Methylation Causes an Interferon Response in Cancer via dsRNA Including Endogenous Retroviruses","volume":"162","author":"Chiappinelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.103877","article-title":"Exploring viral mimicry combined with epigenetics and tumor immunity: New perspectives in cancer therapy","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"59","article-title":"Targeting the epigenome to reinvigorate T cells for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"10","author":"Xiong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mil. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-019-0266-5","article-title":"The emerging role of epigenetic therapeutics in immuno-oncology","volume":"17","author":"Topper","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.5808\/GI.2012.10.4.226","article-title":"Transposable Elements: No More \u201cJunk DNA\u201d","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genom. Inform."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-023-05322-y","article-title":"Repetitive DNA sequence detection and its role in the human genome","volume":"6","author":"Liao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9084(97)82006-8","article-title":"Differences and similarities between various tandem repeat sequences: Minisatellites and microsatellites","volume":"79","author":"Debrauwere","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6470","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.13.6470","article-title":"Microsatellite spreading in the human genome: Evolutionary mechanisms and structural implications","volume":"93","author":"Nadir","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evq046","article-title":"What Is a Microsatellite: A Computational and Experimental Definition Based upon Repeat Mutational Behavior at A\/T and GT\/AC Repeats","volume":"2","author":"Kelkar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genome Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-024-00721-1","article-title":"Short tandem repeats\u2014How microsatellites became the currency of forensic genetics","volume":"25","author":"Budowle","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2022.04.012","article-title":"A classical revival: Human satellite DNAs enter the genomics era","volume":"128","author":"Altemose","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1177\/15353702211003511","article-title":"Variable number tandem repeats\u2014Their emerging role in sickness and health","volume":"246","author":"Marshall","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.03.031","article-title":"Effect of Trinucleotide Repeats in the Huntington\u2019s Gene on Intelligence","volume":"31","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.47936\/encephalitis.2024.00122","article-title":"Tandem repeat disorders: From diagnosis to emerging therapeutic strategies","volume":"5","author":"Moon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Encephalitis"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70022","DOI":"10.1002\/wrna.70022","article-title":"From Junk DNA to Genomic Treasure: Impacts of Transposable Element DNA, RNA, and Protein in Mammalian Development and Disease","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"WIREs RNA"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s13258-014-0249-y","article-title":"Composition and evolutionary importance of transposable elements in humans and primates","volume":"37","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genes Genom."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2165","article-title":"A unified classification system for eukaryotic transposable elements","volume":"8","author":"Wicker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2225","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.275323.121","article-title":"Mutagenesis of human genomes by endogenous mobile elements on a population scale","volume":"31","author":"Chuang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2072","article-title":"Transposable elements and the epigenetic regulation of the genome","volume":"8","author":"Slotkin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.1177\/15353702211031247","article-title":"Role of long interspersed nuclear element-1 in the regulation of chromatin landscapes and genome dynamics","volume":"246","author":"Ramos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.05.021","article-title":"LINE-1 Retrotransposition Activity in Human Genomes","volume":"141","author":"Beck","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadh9543","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adh9543","article-title":"LINE-1 retrotransposons drive human neuronal transcriptome complexity and functional diversification","volume":"9","author":"Garza","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2867-6-13","article-title":"Human LINE-1 retrotransposon induces DNA damage and apoptosis in cancer cells","volume":"6","author":"Belgnaoui","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-025-02343-4","article-title":"Long interspersed nuclear element 1 methylation in non-small cell lung cancer: Implications for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic targeting","volume":"23","author":"Arachchillage","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2005.03.068","article-title":"L1-mediated Retrotransposition of Murine B1 and B2 SINEs Recapitulated in Cultured Cells","volume":"349","author":"Dewannieux","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2011-12-12-236","article-title":"Alu elements: Know the SINEs","volume":"12","author":"Deininger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, M., Zhou, J., Chen, N., Xu, J., Wang, H., Jiang, L., and Yang, F. (2025). Identification and Characterization of LINE and SINE Retrotransposons in the African Hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris, Erinaceidae) and Their Association with 3D Genome Organization and Gene Expression. Genes, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes16040397"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Zhang, G., and Cui, J. (2022). Origin and Deep Evolution of Human Endogenous Retroviruses in Pan-Primates. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14071370"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-023-00674-z","article-title":"Activation of human endogenous retroviruses and its physiological consequences","volume":"25","author":"Dopkins","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geis, F.K., and Goff, S.P. (2020). Silencing and Transcriptional Regulation of Endogenous Retroviruses: An Overview. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12080884"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Snowbarger, J., Koganti, P., and Spruck, C. (2024). Evolution of Repetitive Elements, Their Roles in Homeostasis and Human Disease, and Potential Therapeutic Applications. Biomolecules, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14101250"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7534","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-50765-4","article-title":"DNA methylation governs the sensitivity of repeats to restriction by the HUSH-MORC2 corepressor","volume":"15","author":"Pandiloski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2012.112","article-title":"DNA Methylation and Its Basic Function","volume":"38","author":"Moore","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2014.05.029","article-title":"Suv39h-Dependent H3K9me3 Marks Intact Retrotransposons and Silences LINE Elements in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells","volume":"55","author":"Ramirez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fukuda, K., and Shinkai, Y. (2020). SETDB1-Mediated Silencing of Retroelements. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12060596"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14964","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0805943105","article-title":"piRNA-mediated nuclear accumulation of retrotransposon transcripts in the Drosophila female germline","volume":"105","author":"Chambeyron","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(00)01460-5","article-title":"Solitary HERV-K LTRs possess bi-directional promoter activity and contain a negative regulatory element in the U5 region","volume":"472","author":"Domansky","year":"2000","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-024-01177-3","article-title":"Inverted Alu repeats: Friends or foes in the human transcriptome","volume":"56","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1112009","article-title":"Antisense Transcription in the Mammalian Transcriptome","volume":"309","author":"Katayama","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2018.07.029","article-title":"PKR Senses Nuclear and Mitochondrial Signals by Interacting with Endogenous Double-Stranded RNAs","volume":"71","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3325","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-58433-x","article-title":"PACT prevents aberrant activation of PKR by endogenous dsRNA without sequestration","volume":"16","author":"Ahmad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2023.11.033","article-title":"The competitive landscape of the dsRNA world","volume":"84","author":"Cottrell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"240","article-title":"LINE-1 retrotransposon activation drives age-associated inflammation via cytoplasmic cDNA-STING\/type I interferon signalling: Therapeutic potential of reverse transcriptase inhibition","volume":"29","author":"Mehmood","year":"2025","journal-title":"Contemp. Oncol. (Pozn.)"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.09.034","article-title":"Cytoplasmic DNA: Sources, sensing, and role in aging and disease","volume":"184","author":"Miller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burn, O.K., Prasit, K.K., and Hermans, I.F. (2020). Modulating the Tumour Microenvironment by Intratumoural Injection of Pattern Recognition Receptor Agonists. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12123824"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1038\/embor.2013.108","article-title":"Defining the functional determinants for RNA surveillance by RIG-I","volume":"14","author":"Kohlway","year":"2013","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5458","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/17.18.5458","article-title":"Structure of the double-stranded RNA-binding domain of the protein kinase PKR reveals the molecular basis of its dsRNA-mediated activation","volume":"17","author":"Nanduri","year":"1998","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e144","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2014.110","article-title":"Oligoadenylate synthase-like (OASL) proteins: Dual functions and associations with diseases","volume":"47","author":"Choi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20190913","article-title":"Double-stranded RNA and Toll-like receptor activation: A novel mechanism for blood pressure regulation","volume":"134","author":"Justina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6318","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-33208-w","article-title":"Mechanisms of length-dependent recognition of viral double-stranded RNA by RIG-I","volume":"13","author":"Im","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reikine, S., Nguyen, J.B., and Modis, Y. (2014). Pattern Recognition and Signaling Mechanisms of RIG-I and MDA5. Front. Immunol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00342"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.3776","article-title":"Oligomerization of RIG-I and MDA5 2CARD domains","volume":"29","author":"Zerbe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Protein Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00785","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.00785","article-title":"MAVS recruits multiple ubiquitin E3 ligases to activate antiviral signaling cascades","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2100225118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2100225118","article-title":"TBK1 recruitment to STING activates both IRF3 and NF-\u03baB that mediate immune defense against tumors and viral infections","volume":"118","author":"Yum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-03400-1","article-title":"Nuclear soluble cGAS senses double-stranded DNA virus infection","volume":"5","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-0198-7","article-title":"The interactions between cGAS-STING pathway and pathogens","volume":"5","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-020-0416-y","article-title":"The cGAS\/STING\/TBK1\/IRF3 innate immunity pathway maintains chromosomal stability through regulation of p21 levels","volume":"52","author":"Basit","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taguchi, T., Mukai, K., Takaya, E., and Shindo, R. (2021). STING Operation at the ER\/Golgi Interface. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.646304"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5328","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00037-14","article-title":"Cytosolic-DNA-Mediated, STING-Dependent Proinflammatory Gene Induction Necessitates Canonical NF-\u03baB Activation through TBK1","volume":"88","author":"Abe","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2016.12.004","article-title":"Cross-Talk between the Cytoplasmic RIG-I and STING Sensing Pathways","volume":"38","author":"Zevini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mandracci, G., Soliman, N., and El Khawanky, N. (2025). Overcoming Immune Therapy Resistance in Cancer Through Innate Immune Reprogramming. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26199554"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okude, H., Ori, D., and Kawai, T. (2021). Signaling Through Nucleic Acid Sensors and Their Roles in Inflammatory Diseases. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.625833"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00791-1","article-title":"The JAK\/STAT signaling pathway: From bench to clinic","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13732","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032713-120231","article-title":"Interferon-Stimulated Genes: A Complex Web of Host Defenses","volume":"32","author":"Schneider","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3581","article-title":"Regulation of type I interferon responses","volume":"14","author":"Ivashkiv","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, C.H., Laurent-Rolle, M., Grove, T.L., and Hsu, J.C.C. (2025). Interferon-Stimulated Genes and Immune Metabolites as Broad-Spectrum Biomarkers for Viral Infections. Viruses, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/v17010132"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2014.02.002","article-title":"Interferons and Their Stimulated Genes in the Tumor microenvironment","volume":"41","author":"Cheon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03401948","article-title":"The Transporter Associated With Antigen Processing (TAP): Structural Integrity, Expression, Function, and Its Clinical Relevance","volume":"7","author":"Ritz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"002","article-title":"Cytokine Intervention: A Double Edged Sword in the Nkg2d System Regulation","volume":"S2","author":"Gorkiewicz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunome Res."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolpert, F., Happold, C., Reifenberger, G., Florea, A.-M., Deenen, R., Roth, P., Neidert, M.C., Lamszus, K., Westphal, M., and Weller, M. (2015). Interferon-\u03b2 Modulates the Innate Immune Response against Glioblastoma Initiating Cells. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139603"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1102577","article-title":"Expression and function of chemokines during viral infections: From molecular mechanisms to in vivo function","volume":"74","author":"Melchjorsen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vitiello, G.A.F., Ferreira, W.A.S., Cordeiro de Lima, V.C., and Medina, T.d.S. (2021). Antiviral Responses in Cancer: Boosting Antitumor Immunity Through Activation of Interferon Pathway in the Tumor Microenvironment. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.782852"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111647","article-title":"Chronic type I interferon signaling promotes lipid-peroxidation-driven terminal CD8+ T cell exhaustion and curtails anti-PD-1 efficacy","volume":"41","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-022-01152-y","article-title":"Type I interferon transcriptional network regulates expression of coinhibitory receptors in human T cells","volume":"23","author":"Sumida","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e150079","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.150079","article-title":"Balanced Engagement of Activating and Inhibitory Receptors Mitigates Human NK Cell Exhaustion","volume":"7","author":"Myers","year":"2022","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Owen, K.L., Brockwell, N.K., and Parker, B.S. (2019). JAK-STAT Signaling: A Double-Edged Sword of Immune Regulation and Cancer Progression. Cancers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11122002"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-019-0776-0","article-title":"The timeline of epigenetic drug discovery: From reality to dreams","volume":"11","author":"Ganesan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenetics"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1358\/dof.2013.38.8.1980499","article-title":"SGI-110: DNA Methyltransferase Inhibitor Oncolytic","volume":"38","author":"Griffiths","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drugs Future"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-021-00249-x","article-title":"Discovery of a first-in-class reversible DNMT1-selective inhibitor with improved tolerability and efficacy in acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"2","author":"Pappalardi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-021-00271-z","article-title":"The next generation of DNMT inhibitors","volume":"2","author":"Mehdipour","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-22-3642","article-title":"A Phase II Trial of Guadecitabine plus Atezolizumab in Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma Progressing after Initial Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy","volume":"29","author":"Jang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-023-02628-x","article-title":"Guadecitabine increases response to combined anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 treatment in mouse melanoma in vivo by controlling T-cells, myeloid derived suppressor and NK cells","volume":"42","author":"Amaro","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e137569","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.137569","article-title":"DNA hypomethylation promotes transposable element expression and activation of immune signaling in renal cell cancer","volume":"5","author":"Dunker","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15520","article-title":"Epigenetic silencing of TH1-type chemokines shapes tumour immunity and immunotherapy","volume":"527","author":"Peng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-025-03509-1","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation in gynecological cancers: A paradigm shift in immunotherapy strategies","volume":"44","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.15698\/cst2021.03.245","article-title":"Targeting FBXO44\/SUV39H1 elicits tumor cell-specific DNA replication stress and viral mimicry","volume":"5","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Stress"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3739","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31504-z","article-title":"CD8+T cell responsiveness to anti-PD-1 is epigenetically regulated by Suv39h1 in melanomas","volume":"13","author":"Niborski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-18-0126","article-title":"SUV39H1 Represses the Expression of Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Effector Genes to Promote Colon Tumor Immune Evasion","volume":"7","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-23-0514","article-title":"Setdb1 Loss Induces Type I Interferons and Immune Clearance of Melanoma","volume":"13","author":"McGeary","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6731","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42417-w","article-title":"DNMT and HDAC inhibition induces immunogenic neoantigens from human endogenous retroviral element-derived transcripts","volume":"14","author":"Goyal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadk4423","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adk4423","article-title":"Select EZH2 inhibitors enhance viral mimicry effects of DNMT inhibition through a mechanism involving NFAT:AP-1 signaling","volume":"10","author":"Chomiak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.05.052","article-title":"LSD1 Ablation Stimulates Anti-Tumor Immunity and Enables Checkpoint Blockade","volume":"174","author":"Sheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4225","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39943-y","article-title":"Loss of PHF8 induces a viral mimicry response by activating endogenous retrotransposons","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1038\/s41389-021-00370-7","article-title":"Emerging role of G9a in cancer stemness and promises as a therapeutic target","volume":"10","author":"Haebe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oncogenesis"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, J.L., Chen, S.Y., and Lin, C.S. (2022). Targeting Cancer Stem Cells through Epigenetic Modulation of Interferon Response. J. Pers. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12040556"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001224","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2020-001224","article-title":"Poly-IC enhances the effectiveness of cancer immunotherapy by promoting T cell tumor infiltration","volume":"8","author":"Sultan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-021-02017-2","article-title":"A systematic review on poly(I:C) and poly-ICLC in glioblastoma: Adjuvants coordinating the unlocking of immunotherapy","volume":"40","author":"Verhezen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2854","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20190801","article-title":"Intratumoral delivery of RIG-I agonist SLR14 induces robust antitumor responses","volume":"216","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-023-01405-9","article-title":"Exploiting RIG-I-like receptor pathway for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"16","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1039\/C8BM01064A","article-title":"Delivery of 5\u2032-triphosphate RNA with endosomolytic nanoparticles potently activates RIG-I to improve cancer immunotherapy","volume":"7","author":"Jacobson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2017.08.004","article-title":"The anticancer functions of RIG-I\u2013like receptors, RIG-I and MDA5, and their applications in cancer therapy","volume":"190","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002195","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2020-002195","article-title":"STING activation normalizes the intraperitoneal vascular-immune microenvironment and suppresses peritoneal carcinomatosis of colon cancer","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-37217-1","article-title":"Epigenetic state determines the in vivo efficacy of STING agonist therapy","volume":"14","author":"Falahat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2025.03.060","article-title":"The advent of clinical self-amplifying RNA vaccines","volume":"33","author":"Casmil","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1038\/s41417-023-00587-1","article-title":"Clinical trials of self-replicating RNA-based cancer vaccines","volume":"30","author":"Morse","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9157","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-64181-9","article-title":"Engineering a streamlined virus-like particle for programmable tissue-specific gene delivery","volume":"16","author":"Han","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2021.06.021","article-title":"Virus-inspired strategies for cancer therapy","volume":"86","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maddaloni, L., Bugani, G., Fracella, M., Bitossi, C., D\u2019Auria, A., Aloisi, F., Azri, A., Santinelli, L., Ben M\u2019Hadheb, M., and Pierangeli, A. (2025). Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) Expression and Activation in COVID-19 and Long COVID: From SARS-CoV-2 Escape Mechanisms to Emerging PRR-Targeted Immunotherapies. Microorganisms, 13.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202507.2587.v1"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alexandraki, A., and Strati, K. (2022). Decitabine Treatment Induces a Viral Mimicry Response in Cervical Cancer Cells and Further Sensitizes Cells to Chemotherapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232214042"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0768-9","article-title":"Loss of ADAR1 in tumours overcomes resistance to immune checkpoint blockade","volume":"565","author":"Ishizuka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15618","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15618","article-title":"DNA exonuclease Trex1 regulates radiotherapy-induced tumour immunogenicity","volume":"8","author":"Alard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2017.11.007","article-title":"CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11\/CXCR3 axis for immune activation\u2014A target for novel cancer therapy","volume":"63","author":"Tokunaga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Rev."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5318","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-49657-4","article-title":"Viral modulation of type II interferon increases T cell adhesion and virus spread","volume":"15","author":"Jacobsen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2025.101975","article-title":"Potentiating anti-tumor immunity by re-engaging immune synapse molecules","volume":"6","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e58825","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.58825","article-title":"Cell-cycle-gated feedback control mediates desensitization to interferon stimulation","volume":"9","author":"Mudla","year":"2020","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.11.022","article-title":"Tumor Interferon Signaling Regulates a Multigenic Resistance Program to Immune Checkpoint Blockade","volume":"167","author":"Benci","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2017.05.005","article-title":"Type I Interferon in Chronic Virus Infection and Cancer","volume":"38","author":"Snell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45216-z","article-title":"Durvalumab and guadecitabine in advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma: Results from the phase Ib\/II study BTCRC-GU16-043","volume":"15","author":"Zakharia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00687-0","article-title":"Pattern recognition receptors in health and diseases","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e714","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.714","article-title":"The interaction of innate immune and adaptive immune system","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tiwari, A., Oravecz, T., Dillon, L.A., Italiano, A., Audoly, L., Fridman, W.H., and Clifton, G.T. (2023). Towards a consensus definition of immune exclusion in cancer. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1084887"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9035","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0703285104","article-title":"Double-stranded DNA and double-stranded RNA induce a common antiviral signaling pathway in human cells","volume":"104","author":"Cheng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.3MIR0320-475R","article-title":"The interplay between innate and adaptive immunity in cancer shapes the productivity of cancer immunosurveillance","volume":"108","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.07.012","article-title":"Oncology Meets Immunology: The Cancer-Immunity Cycle","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2008.02.004","article-title":"The NKG2D receptor: Sensing stressed cells","volume":"14","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20472","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M117.818393","article-title":"Innate immune recognition of double-stranded RNA triggers increased expression of NKG2D ligands after virus infection","volume":"292","author":"Esteso","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zingoni, A., Molfetta, R., Fionda, C., Soriani, A., Paolini, R., Cippitelli, M., Cerboni, C., and Santoni, A. (2018). NKG2D and Its Ligands: \u201cOne for All, All for One\u201d. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00476"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29007","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.25626","article-title":"Harnessing RIG-I and intrinsic immunity in the tumor microenvironment for therapeutic cancer treatment","volume":"9","author":"Elion","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2010.00904.x","article-title":"Cytotoxic immunological synapses","volume":"235","author":"Dustin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2014.11.003","article-title":"NK cells and interferons","volume":"26","author":"Paolini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-16-0162","article-title":"NK-Cell Recruitment Is Necessary for Eradication of Peritoneal Carcinomatosis with an IL12-Expressing Maraba Virus Cellular Vaccine","volume":"5","author":"Alkayyal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3116","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1101313","article-title":"Type I interferon drives a distinctive dendritic cell maturation phenotype that allows continued class II MHC synthesis and antigen processing","volume":"188","author":"Simmons","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Troise, D., Infante, B., Mercuri, S., Catalano, V., Ranieri, E., and Stallone, G. (2024). Dendritic Cells: A Bridge between Tolerance Induction and Cancer Development in Transplantation Setting. Biomedicines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12061240"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1097\/CJI.0b013e3181a1c24e","article-title":"Maturation Pathways of Dendritic Cells Determine TAP1 and TAP2 Levels and Cross-presenting Function","volume":"32","author":"Mailliard","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, M., Zhao, F., Cheng, H., Su, M., and Wang, Y. (2024). Macrophage polarization: An important role in inflammatory diseases. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1352946"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22033-2","article-title":"Immune suppressive activity of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in cancer requires inactivation of the type I interferon pathway","volume":"12","author":"Sanseviero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2023.216480","article-title":"STING activation counters glioblastoma by vascular alteration and immune surveillance","volume":"579","author":"Joseph","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia, H., Yang, H., Xiong, H., and Luo, K.Q. (2023). NK cell exhaustion in the tumor microenvironment. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1303605"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.09.017","article-title":"Adaptive immunity","volume":"125","author":"Bonilla","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(01)00455-X","article-title":"Regulation of T Cell Immunity by Dendritic Cells","volume":"106","author":"Lanzavecchia","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_167","first-page":"467","article-title":"Tumour-reactive heterotypic CD8 T cell clusters from clinical samples","volume":"649","author":"Veldman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-022-00338-5","article-title":"The interaction of CD4+ helper T cells with dendritic cells shapes the tumor microenvironment and immune checkpoint blockade response","volume":"3","author":"Cohen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Montfoort, N., van der Aa, E., and Woltman, A.M. (2014). Understanding MHC Class I Presentation of Viral Antigens by Human Dendritic Cells as a Basis for Rational Design of Therapeutic Vaccines. Front. Immunol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00182"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.2003.01738.x","article-title":"The MHC class I antigen presentation pathway: Strategies for viral immune evasion","volume":"110","author":"Hewitt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02280-1","article-title":"Immune evasion in cancer: Mechanisms and cutting-edge therapeutic approaches","volume":"10","author":"Tufail","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e010099","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2024-010099","article-title":"HERV-derived epitopes represent new targets for T-cell-based immunotherapies in ovarian cancer","volume":"13","author":"Bonaventura","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5660","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19464-8","article-title":"Human endogenous retroviruses form a reservoir of T cell targets in hematological cancers","volume":"11","author":"Saini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-18-0940","article-title":"Systemic Interferon-\u03b3 Increases MHC Class I Expression and T-cell Infiltration in Cold Tumors: Results of a Phase 0 Clinical Trial","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lindsay, R.S., Melssen, M.M., Stasiak, K., Annis, J.L., Woods, A.N., Rodriguez, A.B., Brown, M.G., and Engelhard, V.H. (2022). NK cells reduce anergic T cell development in early-stage tumors by promoting myeloid cell maturation. Front. Oncol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.1058894"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Han, S., Wu, B., Zhong, C., Shi, Y., Lv, C., Fu, L., Zhang, Y., Lang, Q., and Liang, Z. (2022). CXCL11 Correlates with Immune Infiltration and Impacts Patient Immunotherapy Efficacy: A Pan-Cancer Analysis. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.951247"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdala-Saleh, N., Lugassy, J., Shivakumar-Kalvhati, A., Turky, A., Abu Ras, S., Razon, H., Berger, N., Bar-On, D., Bar-On, Y., and Taura, T. (2024). PD-1 and CTLA-4 serve as major gatekeepers for effector and cytotoxic T-cell potentiation by limiting a CXCL9\/10-CXCR3-IFN\u03b3 positive feedback loop. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1452212"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s40164-023-00452-9","article-title":"Regulatory T cells contribute to the immunosuppressive phenotype of neutrophils in a mouse model of chronic lymphocytic leukemia","volume":"12","author":"Goral","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00670-9","article-title":"Myeloid-derived suppressor cells as immunosuppressive regulators and therapeutic targets in cancer","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.17305\/bb.2025.12852","article-title":"Decitabine suppresses tumor growth by activating mouse mammary tumor virus and interferon-\u03b2 pathways","volume":"26","author":"Johnson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomol. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2764","DOI":"10.1002\/1878-0261.70111","article-title":"Hypomethylating agents increase L1 retroelement expression without inducing novel insertions in myeloid malignancies","volume":"19","author":"Sonnek","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noac107","article-title":"Decitabine increases neoantigen and cancer testis antigen expression to enhance T-cell\u2013mediated toxicity against glioblastoma","volume":"24","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-008-0582-6","article-title":"Treatment of ovarian cancer cell lines with 5-aza-2\u2032-deoxycytidine upregulates the expression of cancer-testis antigens and class I major histocompatibility complex-encoded molecules","volume":"58","author":"Adair","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6031","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-17-1201","article-title":"Increased IFN\u03b3+ T Cells Are Responsible for the Clinical Responses of Low-Dose DNA-Demethylating Agent Decitabine Antitumor Therapy","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Dong, L., Liu, J., Wang, C., Zhang, Y., Mei, Q., Han, W., Xie, P., and Nie, J. (2021). Low-Dose Decitabine Augments the Activation and Anti-Tumor Immune Response of IFN-\u03b3+ CD4+ T Cells Through Enhancing I\u03baB\u03b1 Degradation and NF-\u03baB Activation. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.647713"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-025-03381-z","article-title":"Decitabine co-operates with the IL-33\/ST2 axis modifying the tumor microenvironment and improving the response to PD-1 blockade in melanoma","volume":"44","author":"Noto","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neo.2024.101086","article-title":"5-Aza-2\u2032-deoxycytidin (Decitabine) increases cancer-testis antigen expression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and modifies immune checkpoint expression, especially in CD39-positive CD8 and CD4 T cells","volume":"59","author":"Fehn","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neoplasia"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2013.355","article-title":"Expression of PD-L1, PD-L2, PD-1 and CTLA4 in myelodysplastic syndromes is enhanced by treatment with hypomethylating agents","volume":"28","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e010355","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2024-010355","article-title":"Sintilimab plus decitabine for higher-risk treatment-na\u00efve myelodysplastic syndromes: Efficacy, safety, and biomarker analysis of a phase II, single-arm trial","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.17689","article-title":"Phase II study of azacitidine with pembrolizumab in patients with intermediate-1 or higher-risk myelodysplastic syndrome","volume":"195","author":"Chien","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5306","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-22-1810","article-title":"Safety, Outcomes, and T-Cell Characteristics in Patients with Relapsed or Refractory MDS or CMML Treated with Atezolizumab in Combination with Guadecitabine","volume":"28","author":"Baer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533467","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1533467","article-title":"Updates from a single-center phase 2 study of PD-1 inhibitor combined with hypomethylating agent plus CAG regimen in patients with relapsed\/refractory acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"16","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2769","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-023-03454-y","article-title":"Single-center phase 2 study of PD-1 inhibitor combined with DNA hypomethylation agent\u2009+\u2009CAG regimen in patients with relapsed\/refractory acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"72","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-18-0774","article-title":"Efficacy, Safety, and Biomarkers of Response to Azacitidine and Nivolumab in Relapsed\/Refractory Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Nonrandomized, Open-Label, Phase II Study","volume":"9","author":"Daver","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002347","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-002347","article-title":"Improved clinical outcome in a randomized phase II study of anti-PD-1 camrelizumab plus decitabine in relapsed\/refractory Hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.18.02151","article-title":"Addition of Low-Dose Decitabine to Anti\u2013PD-1 Antibody Camrelizumab in Relapsed\/Refractory Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma","volume":"37","author":"Nie","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1936","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2024024487","article-title":"Epigenetic agents plus anti-PD-1 reprogram the tumor microenvironment and restore antitumor efficacy in Hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"144","author":"Nie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e004495","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2022-004495","article-title":"Phase 1, dose-escalation study of guadecitabine (SGI-110) in combination with pembrolizumab in patients with solid tumors","volume":"10","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1158\/2767-9764.CRC-22-0128","article-title":"Repurposing Azacitidine and Carboplatin to Prime Immune Checkpoint Blockade\u2013resistant Melanoma for Anti-PD-L1 Rechallenge","volume":"2","author":"Lyle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e181671","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI181671","article-title":"Epigenetic therapy sensitizes anti\u2013PD-1 refractory head and neck cancers to immunotherapy rechallenge","volume":"135","author":"Qin","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000883","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2020-000883","article-title":"An open-label, phase II multicohort study of an oral hypomethylating agent CC-486 and durvalumab in advanced solid tumors","volume":"8","author":"Taylor","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(17)30576-4","article-title":"Phase 2 study of guadecitabine (SGI-110), a novel hypomethylating agent, in treatment-na\u00efve patients with acute myeloid leukaemia who are not candidates for intensive chemotherapy","volume":"18","author":"Kantarjian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2024-210257","article-title":"Targeting Mitochondrial Metabolism to Promote Viral Mimicry and Type I Interferon Response in Acute Myeloid Leukemia","volume":"144","author":"Balasundaram","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0000000000002873","article-title":"Selective Clonal Regression After Interferon Therapy in Metastatic Melanoma","volume":"47","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Dermatopathol."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2025.03.005","article-title":"From concept to cure: The evolution of CAR-T cell therapy","volume":"33","author":"Patel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-024-01207-0","article-title":"CAR-T and CAR-NK as cellular cancer immunotherapy for solid tumors","volume":"21","author":"Peng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, W.Y., Yang, L.Y., and Fan, X.X. (2025). CAR-T therapy-based innovations in the enhancement of contemporary anti-tumor therapies. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1622433"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, J., and Zhang, X. (2024). Challenges and innovations in CAR-T cell therapy: A comprehensive analysis. Front. Oncol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1399544"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.04.051","article-title":"Engineered Tumor-Targeted T Cells Mediate Enhanced Anti-Tumor Efficacy Both Directly and through Activation of the Endogenous Immune System","volume":"23","author":"Avanzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-56527-0","article-title":"Unlocking the potential of engineered immune cell therapy for solid tumors","volume":"16","author":"Angelats","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4696","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-022-02455-y","article-title":"Decitabine enhances targeting of AML cells by NY-ESO-1-specific TCR-T cells and promotes the maintenance of effector function and the memory phenotype","volume":"41","author":"Kang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"You, L., Han, Q., Zhu, L., Zhu, Y., Bao, C., Yang, C., Lei, W., and Qian, W. (2020). Decitabine-Mediated Epigenetic Reprograming Enhances Anti-leukemia Efficacy of CD123-Targeted Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cells. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01787"},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omton.2025.200957","article-title":"CD147-CAR-NK cell therapy shows minimal toxicities in human CD147 transgenic mouse model with solid tumors","volume":"33","author":"Sabha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20696-x","article-title":"Low-dose decitabine priming endows CAR T cells with enhanced and persistent antitumour potential via epigenetic reprogramming","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-018-2281-2","article-title":"CRISPR\/Cas9-mediated PD-1 disruption enhances human mesothelin-targeted CAR T cell effector functions","volume":"68","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2024026622","article-title":"Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of GPRC5D loss after anti-GPRC5D CAR T-cell therapy in multiple myeloma","volume":"146","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1007\/s11596-025-00097-1","article-title":"CD44v6 CAR-T Cells Target DNMT3A-Mutant AML: Synergistic Enhancement by Decitabine","volume":"45","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, L., Kong, Y., Wang, H., Zou, P., Sun, T., Liu, Y., Zhang, J., Jin, N., Mao, H., and Zhu, X. (2023). Demethylating therapy increases cytotoxicity of CD44v6 CAR-T cells against acute myeloid leukemia. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1145441"},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harrer, D.C., Schenkel, C., Berking, C., Herr, W., Abken, H., D\u00f6rrie, J., and Schaft, N. (2022). Decitabine-Mediated Upregulation of CSPG4 in Ovarian Carcinoma Cells Enables Targeting by CSPG4-Specific CAR-T Cells. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14205033"},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grunewald, C.M., Haist, C., K\u00f6nig, C., Petzsch, P., Bister, A., N\u00f6\u00dfner, E., Wiek, C., Scheckenbach, K., K\u00f6hrer, K., and Niegisch, G. (2021). Epigenetic Priming of Bladder Cancer Cells with Decitabine Increases Cytotoxicity of Human EGFR and CD44v6 CAR Engineered T-Cells. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.782448"},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2024.107569","article-title":"Decitabine consolidation after CD19\/CD22 CAR-T therapy as a novel maintenance treatment significantly improves survival outcomes in relapsed\/refractory B-ALL patients","volume":"145","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s40164-023-00397-z","article-title":"Decitabine in combination with fludarabine and cyclophosphamide as a lymphodepletion regimen followed by CD19\/CD22 bispecific targeted CAR T-cell therapy significantly improves survival in relapsed\/refractory B-ALL patients","volume":"12","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qu, C., Zou, R., Wang, P., Zhu, Q., Kang, L., Ping, N., Xia, F., Liu, H., Kong, D., and Yu, L. (2022). Decitabine-primed tandem CD19\/CD22 CAR-T therapy in relapsed\/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.969660"},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.4143\/crt.2023.371","article-title":"Long-term Complete Remission of Decitabine-Primed Tandem CD19\/CD22 CAR-T Therapy with PD-1 and BTK Inhibitors Maintenance in a Refractory Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma Patient","volume":"55","author":"Zou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2023.03.011","article-title":"Allogeneic chimeric antigen receptor-T cells with CRISPR-disrupted programmed death-1 checkpoint exhibit enhanced functional fitness","volume":"25","author":"Lau","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bulcan.2021.06.007","article-title":"Allogeneic CAR-NK cells: A promising alternative to autologous CAR-T cells\u2014State of the art, sources of NK cells, limits and perspectives","volume":"108","author":"Nguyen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bull. Cancer."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balkhi, S., Zuccolotto, G., Di Spirito, A., Rosato, A., and Mortara, L. (2025). CAR-NK cell therapy: Promise and challenges in solid tumors. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1574742"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, A.B., Rocco, A., Lamb, L.S., Friedman, G.K., and Hjelmeland, A.B. (2022). Regulation of NKG2D Stress Ligands and Its Relevance in Cancer Progression. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14092339"},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2020-141095","article-title":"Development of a Novel MICA\/B-Specific CAR As a Pan-Tumor Targeting Strategy for Off-the-Shelf, Cell-Based Cancer Immunotherapy","volume":"136","author":"Bjordahl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2024.149918","article-title":"A novel MICA\/B-targeted chimeric antigen receptor augments the cytotoxicity of NK cells against tumor cells","volume":"710","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2024.09.010","article-title":"Targeting HLA-E-overexpressing cancers with a NKG2A\/C switch receptor","volume":"6","author":"Kotchetkov","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Xiong, H., and Ning, Z. (2022). Implications of NKG2A in immunity and immune-mediated diseases. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.960852"},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhuang, X., and Long, E.O. (2022). NK Cells Equipped with a Chimeric Antigen Receptor That Overcomes Inhibition by HLA Class I for Adoptive Transfer of CAR-NK Cells. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.840844"},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e009934","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2024-009934","article-title":"Unlocking the therapeutic potential of the NKG2A-HLA-E immune checkpoint pathway in T cells and NK cells for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1093\/jleuko\/qiad026","article-title":"Effects of epigenetic therapy on natural killer cell function and development in hematologic malignancy","volume":"113","author":"Lordo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152495","article-title":"A membrane-bound IL-2 promotes CAR-NK cell proliferation, anti-apoptosis and anti-tumor activity","volume":"781","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, X., Cao, P., Wang, M., Wan, Y., Sun, S., Chen, Y., Liu, Y., Su, T., Gao, G., and Liu, X. (2025). Signaling intact membrane-bound IL-15 enables potent anti-tumor activity and safety of CAR-NK cells. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1658580"},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.113108","article-title":"STING signaling promotes NK cell antitumor immunity and maintains a reservoir of TCF-1+ NK cells","volume":"42","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2054105","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2022.2054105","article-title":"STING agonist cGAMP enhances anti-tumor activity of CAR-NK cells against pancreatic cancer","volume":"11","author":"Da","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-025-01639-y","article-title":"DNMT inhibition epigenetically restores the cGAS-STING pathway and activates RIG-I\/MDA5-MAVS to enhance antitumor immunity","volume":"47","author":"Tu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-024-10181-9","article-title":"DNMT1 inhibition improves the activity of memory-like natural killer cells by enhancing the level of autophagy","volume":"52","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/16\/5\/709\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T04:18:08Z","timestamp":1779423488000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/16\/5\/709"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"references-count":241,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["biom16050709"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom16050709","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-273X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]}}}