{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T02:15:09Z","timestamp":1784945709182,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":217,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The pharmaceutical industry has seen significant growth in the development of antibody-based therapeutics, especially monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and bispecific antibodies (bsAbs), used in the treatment of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. However, their production and purification remain challenging. It is difficult to achieve both high product yield and the strict purity required for clinical use. Downstream processing is expensive and often involves trade-offs between efficiency and product quality. In addition, current purification methods do not fully remove contaminants, especially host cell proteins, residual DNA, and protein aggregates, affecting the safety and effectiveness of the final product. Recent advances in purification technologies, such as improved chromatography techniques and alternative separation methods, have shown promise in addressing some of these limitations. Process optimization and the integration of continuous manufacturing approaches are being explored to enhance efficiency and scalability. Furthermore, increased regulatory expectations are driving the need for more robust and reproducible purification strategies. As the antibody therapeutics market continues to expand, optimizing manufacturing and purification processes is crucial to achieve cost efficiency and large-scale production. This article discusses the main challenges in antibody production and downstream purification, focusing on monoclonal and bispecific antibodies, and compares current strategies to increase yield, improve purity, and reduce contaminants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom16050738","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T10:07:47Z","timestamp":1779444467000},"page":"738","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Production and Purification of Therapeutic Antibodies: A Comprehensive Analysis of Process- and Product-Related Contaminants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6362-8598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin","family":"James","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 84510 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3223-8705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrej","family":"Kovac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 84510 Bratislava, Slovakia"},{"name":"Department of Galenic Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Odboj\u00e1rov 65, 83104 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Majerova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 84510 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"189","article-title":"A Case Study of a Bispecific Antibody Manufacturability Assessment and Optimization during Discovery Stage and Its Implications","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antib. 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