{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T11:08:14Z","timestamp":1779448094408,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Starke Lunge Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans (PiBO) is a chronic lung disease that develops after severe lower respiratory infections and leads to persistent inflammation and fibrotic changes in the small airways. In the present study, gene expression analysis was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in sputum cells derived from PiBO patients and compare them to healthy controls. Clinical history, lung function parameters, and induced sputum samples were collected from nine patients with PiBO and eight healthy controls. Multiplex immunohistochemistry (mIHC) as well as mRNA sequencing (MACE-Seq) were performed. Evaluation of the biological targets was done by KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. PiBO patients showed significantly reduced lung function parameters, an increased neutrophil count, and an altered macrophage profile in sputum. Transcriptome analysis revealed significant upregulation of the TNF\u03b1-dependent NF\u03baB signalling pathway, as well as significant downregulation of the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Linear regression analyses and mIHC indicated a shift in macrophage polarisation that may contribute to the dysregulated gene expression. Notably, expression of these DEGs significantly correlated with FEV1 lung function. These findings indicate a central role of macrophages in the immunopathology of PiBO and contribute to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the disease process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom16050745","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T10:07:47Z","timestamp":1779444467000},"page":"745","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Transcriptome Profiling of Induced Sputum Identified Upregulated TNF-\u03b1\/NF-\u03baB Signalling and Downregulated Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain Function in Post-Infectious Bronchiolitis Obliterans"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Silvija P.","family":"Jerkic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pneumology, Allergology, Infectious Diseases and Gastroenterology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Naegele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pneumology, Allergology, Infectious Diseases and Gastroenterology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Gronau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pneumology, Allergology, Infectious Diseases and Gastroenterology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annika","family":"Detring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pneumology, Allergology, Infectious Diseases and Gastroenterology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordis","family":"Trischler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pneumology, Allergology, Infectious Diseases and Gastroenterology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Bl\u00fcmchen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pneumology, Allergology, Infectious Diseases and Gastroenterology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bj\u00f6rn","family":"Rotter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GenXPro GmbH, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Alkhatib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GenXPro GmbH, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margarete","family":"Mijatovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60629 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7529-1952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Weigert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60629 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"},{"name":"Department for Immunity of Inflammation, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 60590 Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7329-9985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas G.","family":"Chiocchetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe Universit\u00e4t, 60590 Frankfurt Am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Zielen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Research Institute, Medaimun GmbH, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralf","family":"Schubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pneumology, Allergology, Infectious Diseases and Gastroenterology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2338","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.26570","article-title":"Update in postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans","volume":"59","author":"Teper","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatr. 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