{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T21:17:33Z","timestamp":1792099053415,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":143,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000961","name":"Government of Western Australia Department of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DoH WA WACRF2021\/22_Fiona Wood RM2610"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DoH WA WACRF2021\/22_Fiona Wood RM2610"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000961","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["DoH WA WACRF2021\/22_Fiona Wood RM2610"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DoH WA WACRF2021\/22_Fiona Wood RM2610"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01epcny94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The Dutch Burn Foundation","award":["WO\/22.106, 2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WO\/22.106, 2023"]}]},{"award":["WO\/22.106, 2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WO\/22.106, 2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04y8met08","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Burn injury induces profound immune dysregulation that extends beyond the acute phase of wound healing, contributing to complications such as delayed repair, infection, and long-term immune dysfunction. Importantly, these effects are not restricted to severe trauma, as similar immune alterations occur following small- to moderate-sized burns. Despite increasing recognition of post-burn immune dysregulation, targeted immunomodulatory therapies remain limited. In this review, we synthesize current insights into the mechanisms driving immune dysfunction after burn injury and outline therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring immune homeostasis. We examine approaches targeting inflammatory triggers and mediators, including acute clinical interventions, reduction in microbial burden, and inhibition of immune cell activation through systemic and local delivery. We also explore strategies to modulate dysregulated innate immune responses by targeting cell-specific functions, such as neutrophil activity and monocyte\/macrophage polarization. Persistent activation and exhaustion of the adaptive immune system may be alleviated through interventions such as \u03b2-adrenergic blockade, while metabolic, endocrine, and oxidative stress pathways represent additional therapeutic targets. Finally, we highlight key challenges, including the need for improved diagnostics, early prognostic stratification, and personalized treatment approaches to improve outcomes following burn injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom16060806","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T01:08:02Z","timestamp":1780535282000},"page":"806","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Targeting Immune Dysregulation After Burn Injury for Improved Healing and Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Patrick P. G.","family":"Mulder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Burn Research Lab, Alliance of Dutch Burn Care (ADBC), 1941 AJ Beverwijk, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Civil-Military Centre of Expertise for Trauma Care (CETC), Central Military Hospital, Defence Healthcare Organisation, Ministry of Defence, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Civil-Military Centre of Expertise for Trauma Care (CETC), Trauma Center, University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Burn Center, Maasstad Hospital, Alliance of Dutch Burn Care (ADBC), 3079 DZ Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9085-6982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bouke K. H. L.","family":"Boekema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burn Research Lab, Alliance of Dutch Burn Care (ADBC), 1941 AJ Beverwijk, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Tissue Function and Regeneration, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cornelis H.","family":"van der Vlies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burn Center, Maasstad Hospital, Alliance of Dutch Burn Care (ADBC), 3079 DZ Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Trauma Research Unit, Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Rotterdam (Erasmus MC), 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Trauma and Burn Surgery, Maasstad Hospital, 3079 DZ Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3163-4666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark W.","family":"Fear","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burn Injury Research Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia"},{"name":"Fiona Wood Foundation, Burns Unit, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5427-6588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fiona M.","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burn Injury Research Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia"},{"name":"Fiona Wood Foundation, Burns Unit, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia"},{"name":"Burns Service of Western Australia, Perth Children\u2019s Hospital, WA Department of Health, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9733-9841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucy W.","family":"Barrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burn Injury Research Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia"},{"name":"Fiona Wood Foundation, Burns Unit, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-0145-5","article-title":"Burn injury","volume":"6","author":"Jeschke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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