{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T04:59:29Z","timestamp":1780635569808,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":191,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cancer remains a major global health challenge, with persistent limitations in early diagnosis, metastatic disease control, and the achievement of durable therapeutic responses with acceptable toxicity. These challenges highlight the need for more precise biomarkers and more effective therapeutic strategies. Increasing evidence implicates dysregulated lipid metabolism as a central contributor to tumor development and progression. In recent years, proprotein convertase subtilisin\/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), angiopoietin-like protein 3 (ANGPTL3), and cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) have gained particular attention due to their roles in cholesterol homeostasis, oncogenic signaling, and immune modulation within the tumor microenvironment (TME). This narrative review evaluates the potential of these lipid-regulatory mediators as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in oncology. The majority of available evidence derives from preclinical and epidemiological studies, with PCSK9 representing the most extensively investigated target. Findings are sometimes contradictory and strongly influenced by tumor type, disease stage, and biological context, which currently precludes the clinical applicability of these molecules as reliable biomarkers. Similar limitations apply to their translational potential as actionable therapeutic targets. Nevertheless, emerging preclinical evidence suggests that modulation of these glycoproteins may enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy, targeted therapies, and immunotherapy, including nanomedicine-based approaches. Of note, clinical research investigating the role of PCSK9 inhibition in oncology is currently ongoing, whereas comparable studies focusing on ANGPTL3 and CETP remain scarce. Overall, further mechanistic, translational, and prospective clinical investigations are warranted to elucidate the involvement of these lipid-regulatory proteins in cancer biology and to define their potential integration into future oncologic diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom16060831","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T03:24:33Z","timestamp":1780629873000},"page":"831","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Revisiting the Lipid\u2013Cancer Axis: PCSK9, ANGPTL3, and CETP as Emerging Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Oncology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4338-4879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitris C.","family":"Kounatidis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Center, First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3874-5393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia G.","family":"Vallianou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Internal Medicine, Sismanogleio General Hospital, 15126 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fotis","family":"Panagopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Internal Medicine, Sismanogleio General Hospital, 15126 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonios","family":"Bampiolakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Internal Medicine, Sismanogleio General Hospital, 15126 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasileios","family":"Stamatopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Department, Evangelismos General Hospital, 10676 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7008-388X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Dalamaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iordanis","family":"Mourouzis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Constantinos","family":"Pantos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horgan, D., Mia, R., Erhabor, T., Hamdi, Y., Dandara, C., Lal, J.A., Fokom Domgue, J., Ewumi, O., Nyawira, T., and Meyer, S. 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