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Protein palmitoylation is a dynamic and reversible lipid post-translational modification that controls protein membrane association, trafficking, stability, and signaling complex assembly. This review summarizes the regulatory roles of palmitoylation and depalmitoylation in major forms of regulated cell death, including apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and autophagy-related cell death. Particular attention is given to representative palmitoylated substrates, including Fas cell surface death receptor (Fas), receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), gasdermin D (GSDMD), glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11), autophagy-related 16 like 1 (ATG16L1), and Beclin1. These substrates illustrate how palmitoylation links membrane organization, metabolic status, inflammatory signaling, and cell fate decisions. Disease-oriented evidence further indicates that dysregulated palmitoylation contributes to cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and inflammatory or immune-related disorders by modulating cell death resistance, inflammatory amplification, immune evasion, or impaired proteostasis. Current challenges include limited quantitative information on palmitoylation dynamics, incomplete evidence for some enzyme\u2013substrate relationships, and insufficient distinction between disease-driving and secondary palmitoylation events. Targeting zinc finger Asp-His-His-Cys (zDHHC) palmitoyl acyltransferases, depalmitoylating enzymes, or specific palmitoylated substrates may provide new therapeutic opportunities. Overall, this review positions protein palmitoylation as a dynamic molecular switch linking lipid metabolism, membrane signaling, regulated cell death, and disease remodeling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom16060853","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T05:50:58Z","timestamp":1781157058000},"page":"853","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Protein Palmitoylation as a Molecular Switch Linking Regulated Cell Death and Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xiaozhe","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Likun","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy, Research Institution of Veterinarian, Binzhou 256600, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingcheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingzhu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingze","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuehan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianhe","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanwei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7717-8411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaojing","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2023.08.009","article-title":"Regulated cell death in musculoskeletal development, homeostasis, and diseases","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Fundam. 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