{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:29:49Z","timestamp":1785403789123,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009967","name":"XPCC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2023ZD030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZD030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009967","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009967","name":"XPCC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2023ZD035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZD035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009967","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["2023ZD030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZD030"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03hcmxw73","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2023ZD035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZD035"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03hcmxw73","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82460088"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82460088"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["82460088"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82460088"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Training Program of Tianshan Talents","award":["2024TSYCCX0113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024TSYCCX0113"]}]},{"name":"Training Program of Tianshan Talents","award":["2022TSYCCX0116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022TSYCCX0116"]}]},{"name":"Training Program of Tianshan Talents","award":["2023TSYCTD0020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023TSYCTD0020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007937","name":"Peking University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202402"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007937","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["202402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202402"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02v51f717","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carfilzomib (CFZ) is a proteasome inhibitor primarily used to treat relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma. However, its clinical application is limited by significant cardiotoxicity, the underlying mechanisms of which remain incompletely understood. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the pathogenic pathways involved. In vitro, CFZ induced mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in AC16 cardiomyocytes in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Transcriptomic analysis revealed enrichment in pathways related to autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Mechanistically, CFZ promoted autophagosome formation but downregulated the SNARE proteins STX17, SNAP29, and VAMP8, thereby impairing autophagosome\u2013lysosome fusion and blocking autophagic flux. This disruption was associated with the activation of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway. In vivo, CFZ administration resulted in cardiac dysfunction and apoptosis in mice, both of which were attenuated by the STING inhibitor C-176. Consistently, STING knockdown restored autophagic flux and reduced cardiomyocyte injury in vitro. In conclusion, CFZ induces cardiotoxicity by activating the cGAS-STING pathway, which disrupts the autophagic clearance of damaged mitochondria and promotes cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Targeting STING may represent a promising therapeutic strategy to mitigate CFZ-induced cardiotoxicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom16060854","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T06:57:17Z","timestamp":1781161037000},"page":"854","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Carfilzomib Induces Cardiotoxicity by Blocking Autophagic Flux Through the cGAS-STING Signaling Pathway"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Shizhong","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi 832002, China"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi 832002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianghong","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi 832002, China"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi 832002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daiqianhui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi 832002, China"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi 832002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenli","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi 832002, China"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi 832002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi 832002, China"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi 832002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi 832002, China"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi 832002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5220-7239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ketao","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi 832002, China"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi 832002, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi 832002, China"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi 832002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinzhi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi 832002, China"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi 832002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2019.12.013","article-title":"Repurposing old drugs as new inhibitors of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway for cancer treatment","volume":"68","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1411321","article-title":"Carfilzomib, Lenalidomide, and Dexamethasone for Relapsed Multiple Myeloma","volume":"372","author":"Stewart","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1002\/hon.2959","article-title":"Cardiotoxicity as an adverse effect of immunomodulatory drugs and proteasome inhibitors in multiple myeloma: A network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials","volume":"40","author":"Das","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2024.05.012","article-title":"Organellophagy regulates cell death: A potential therapeutic target for inflammatory diseases","volume":"70","author":"Duan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.10.026","article-title":"Autophagy: Renovation of Cells and Tissues","volume":"147","author":"Mizushima","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.11.001","article-title":"The Hairpin-type Tail-Anchored SNARE Syntaxin 17 Targets to Autophagosomes for Fusion with Endosomes\/Lysosomes","volume":"151","author":"Itakura","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201712058","article-title":"Autophagosomal YKT6 is required for fusion with lysosomes independently of syntaxin 17","volume":"217","author":"Matsui","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-55906-x","article-title":"Deacetylated SNAP47 recruits HOPS to facilitate autophagosome-lysosome fusion independent of STX17","volume":"16","author":"Jian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-023-00916-x","article-title":"The STX17-SNAP47-VAMP7\/VAMP8 complex is the default SNARE complex mediating autophagosome\u2013lysosome fusion","volume":"34","author":"Jian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2613","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.031046","article-title":"Cytosolic DNA Sensing Promotes Macrophage Transformation and Governs Myocardial Ischemic Injury","volume":"137","author":"Cao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1525","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00097.2020","article-title":"Cytosolic DNA sensor cGAS plays an essential pathogenetic role in pressure overload-induced heart failure","volume":"318","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4051","DOI":"10.1113\/JP273607","article-title":"Proteasome dysfunction in cardiomyopathies","volume":"595","author":"Gilda","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-010919-023603","article-title":"Proteasome Inhibitor Drugs","volume":"60","author":"Fricker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"e94623","article-title":"A BAG3 chaperone complex maintains cardiomyocyte function during proteotoxic stress","volume":"2","author":"Judge","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.318223","article-title":"Heart Failure with Targeted Cancer Therapies: Mechanisms and Cardioprotection","volume":"128","author":"Hahn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Efentakis, P., Doerschmann, H., Witzler, C., Siemer, S., Nikolaou, P.-E., Kastritis, E., Stauber, R., Dimopoulos, M.A., Wenzel, P., and Andreadou, I. (2020). Investigating the Vascular Toxicity Outcomes of the Irreversible Proteasome Inhibitor Carfilzomib. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21155185"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katsioupa, M., Kourampi, I., Oikonomou, E., Tsigkou, V., Theofilis, P., Charalambous, G., Marinos, G., Gialamas, I., Zisimos, K., and Anastasiou, A. (2023). Novel Biomarkers and Their Role in the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Acute Coronary Syndrome. Life, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/life13101992"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-020-0381-0","article-title":"Cardiac natriuretic peptides","volume":"17","author":"Goetze","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, W., Zhang, Y., Wang, Z., Tan, M., Lin, J., Qian, X., Li, H., and Jiang, T. (2023). Dapagliflozin alleviates myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion injury by reducing ferroptosis via MAPK signaling inhibition. Front. Pharmacol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1078205"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-04715-1","article-title":"WGX50 mitigates doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity through inhibition of mitochondrial ROS and ferroptosis","volume":"21","author":"Tai","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2021.1965712","article-title":"Autophagic degradation of CCN2 (cellular communication network factor 2) causes cardiotoxicity of sunitinib","volume":"18","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-021-03614-x","article-title":"Regulated cell death pathways in doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity","volume":"12","author":"Christidi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2023.10.010","article-title":"Regulated cell death in myocardial ischemia\u2013reperfusion injury","volume":"35","author":"Xiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2015.09.006","article-title":"RAGE siRNA-mediated gene silencing provides cardioprotection against ventricular arrhythmias in acute ischemia and reperfusion","volume":"217","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21599","DOI":"10.1039\/D0NR05032F","article-title":"Effects of carbon nanotube-mediated Caspase3 gene silencing on cardiomyocyte apoptosis and cardiac function during early acute myocardial infarction","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2023.11.040","article-title":"The biochemical pathways of apoptotic, necroptotic, pyroptotic, and ferroptotic cell death","volume":"84","author":"Ai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-022-01094-w","article-title":"Mitochondria and cell death-associated inflammation","volume":"30","author":"Vringer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.124.323800","article-title":"Mitochondrial Structure and Function in Human Heart Failure","volume":"135","author":"Hinton","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamamoto, T., and Sano, M. (2022). Deranged Myocardial Fatty Acid Metabolism in Heart Failure. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23020996"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2020.1761219","article-title":"Restoration of CTSD (cathepsin D) and lysosomal function in stroke is neuroprotective","volume":"17","author":"Hossain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2021.112832","article-title":"Neuritin attenuates oxygen-glucose deprivation\/reoxygenation (OGD\/R)-induced neuronal injury by promoting autophagic flux","volume":"407","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, J.-Y., Ryu, J., Hong, E.-J., and Shin, H.-J. (2022). Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Infection Induces Autophagosome Formation but Inhibits Autolysosome Formation during Replication. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14051050"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-021-00098-4","article-title":"Autophagy in healthy aging and disease","volume":"1","author":"Aman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Aging"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.09.048","article-title":"Biological Functions of Autophagy Genes: A Disease Perspective","volume":"176","author":"Levine","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26105","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202109464","article-title":"Inhibition of Autophagy by a Small Molecule through Covalent Modification of the LC3 Protein","volume":"60","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3255","DOI":"10.1007\/s10565-023-09831-8","article-title":"Targeting autophagy with SAR405 alleviates doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity","volume":"39","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2020.1783822","article-title":"Autophagy core protein ATG5 is required for elongating spermatid development, sperm individualization and normal fertility in male mice","volume":"17","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2023.2277634","article-title":"ATG5 (autophagy related 5) in microglia controls hippocampal neurogenesis in Alzheimer disease","volume":"20","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"1077","article-title":"Autophagy in the physiological endometrium and cancer","volume":"17","author":"Eritja","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e56841","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.202356841","article-title":"An ATG12-ATG5-TECPR1 E3-like complex regulates unconventional LC3 lipidation at damaged lysosomes","volume":"24","author":"Corkery","year":"2023","journal-title":"Embo Rep."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.032821","article-title":"Beclin-1-Dependent Autophagy Protects the Heart During Sepsis","volume":"138","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1042\/EBC20170021","article-title":"The mammalian ULK1 complex and autophagy initiation","volume":"61","author":"Zachari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Essays Biochem."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"861","article-title":"The role of ubiquitin proteasomal system and autophagy-lysosome pathway in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO00530G","article-title":"\u03b1-Bisabolol protects against \u03b2-adrenergic agonist-induced myocardial infarction in rats by attenuating inflammation, lysosomal dysfunction, NLRP3 inflammasome activation and modulating autophagic flux","volume":"11","author":"Meeran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-020-01701-z","article-title":"Lysosomal dysfunction and autophagy blockade contribute to autophagy-related cancer suppressing peptide-induced cytotoxic death of cervical cancer cells through the AMPK\/mTOR pathway","volume":"39","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-021-00392-4","article-title":"Machinery, regulation and pathophysiological implications of autophagosome maturation","volume":"22","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202312119","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.202312119","article-title":"Migfilin promotes autophagic flux through direct interaction with SNAP29 and Vamp8","volume":"223","author":"Cai","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2445","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-023-01139-x","article-title":"Decreased syntaxin17 expression contributes to the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis in murine models by impairing autophagic degradation","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2230641","DOI":"10.1080\/15384047.2023.2230641","article-title":"VAMP8 suppresses the metastasis via DDX5\/\u03b2-catenin signal pathway in osteosarcoma","volume":"24","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2022.2084686","article-title":"The ORF7a protein of SARS-CoV-2 initiates autophagy and limits autophagosome-lysosome fusion via degradation of SNAP29 to promote virus replication","volume":"19","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4229","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.84049","article-title":"iNOS aggravates pressure overload-induced cardiac dysfunction via activation of the cytosolic-mtDNA-mediated cGAS-STING pathway","volume":"13","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04421-w","article-title":"The cGAS-STING pathway drives type I IFN immunopathology in COVID-19","volume":"603","author":"Domizio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1006-9","article-title":"Autophagy induction via STING trafficking is a primordial function of the cGAS pathway","volume":"567","author":"Gui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2022.11.001","article-title":"Cellular functions of cGAS-STING signaling","volume":"33","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18402","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.18402","article-title":"Exacerbation of atherosclerosis by STX17 knockdown: Unravelling the role of autophagy and inflammation","volume":"28","author":"Cui","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/16\/6\/854\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T04:20:37Z","timestamp":1781324437000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/16\/6\/854"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["biom16060854"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom16060854","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-273X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]}}}