{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T15:54:41Z","timestamp":1792684481529,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":174,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) are widely used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity and are increasingly relevant in periodontal and implant practice. This review covers mechanisms, preclinical and early human evidence, and practical periodontal considerations; the structured database search is conducted in accordance with the Scale for the Assessment of Narrative Review Articles (SANRA) and the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) principles. Two pathways explain GLP-1RAs\u2019 relevance: indirect effects from better glycemic control, weight loss, and reduced inflammation; and direct tissue effects involving GLP-1R signaling and the GLP-1\/dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) axis. Preclinical studies show reduced inflammation, osteoclast activity, and alveolar bone loss, along with improved periodontal stem cell function under hyperglycemia or inflammation via Nuclear Factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), Wingless-related integration site (Wnt)\/beta-catenin, and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) pathways. Animal studies on implants and local delivery, including exendin-4 platforms, suggest osteometabolic benefits. Human data are limited and mostly observational, and confounders include metabolic status, smoking, medication, and nutrition. Oral side effects such as xerostomia and dehydration are also noted. At present, GLP-1RA therapy should be regarded as a contextual modifier of periodontal risk and healing capacity rather than as a stand-alone periodontal therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom16060857","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T10:19:53Z","timestamp":1781691593000},"page":"857","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Periodontology: Mechanisms, Clinical Evidence, and Implications for Care"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7779-8987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irina-Georgeta","family":"Sufaru","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bogdan Constantin","family":"Vasiliu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Hancianu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9154-9511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan-Ioan","family":"Stratul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Anton Sculean Research Center for Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica Silvia","family":"Tatarciuc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7255-4406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianina","family":"Iovan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Tatarciuc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioana","family":"Rudnic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6060-6565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Hanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sorina","family":"Paduraru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9588-6910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sorina Mihaela","family":"Solomon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patel, S., and Niazi, S.K. (2025). Emerging Frontiers in GLP-1 Therapeutics: A Comprehensive Evidence Base (2025). Pharmaceutics, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17081036"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2025.24288","article-title":"World Health Organization Guideline on the Use and Indications of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Therapies for the Treatment of Obesity in Adults","volume":"335","author":"Celletti","year":"2026","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilbon, S.S., and Kolonin, M.G. (2023). GLP1 receptor agonists\u2014Effects beyond obesity and diabetes. Cells, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13010065"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee for Diabetes (2026). 2. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes\u20142026. Diabetes Care, 49, S27\u2013S49.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc26-S002"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2026, February 24). WHO Issues Global Guideline on the Use of GLP-1 Medicines in Treating Obesity. News Release. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/01-12-2025-who-issues-global-guideline-on-the-use-of-glp-1-medicines-in-treating-obesity."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.13410","article-title":"Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists (GLP-1RAs) Improve Periodontal and Peri-Implant Health in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"60","author":"Ahmad","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"e95792","article-title":"Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonists in Diabetes and Obesity: Implications for Periodontology and Family Dentistry","volume":"17","author":"Almohammad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeong, N.J., Chuang, L.-H., and Ho, Y. (2025). Periodontitis and GLP-1 Pathways: A New Frontier in Oral-Systemic Health Connections\u2014A Scoping Review. Front. Clin. Diabetes Healthc., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcdhc.2025.1679511"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01931-z","article-title":"Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor: Mechanisms and Advances in Therapy","volume":"9","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hashim, N.T., Babiker, R., Padmanabhan, V., Ahmed, A.T., Chaitanya, N.C.S.K., Mohammed, R., Priya, S.P., Ahmed, A., El Bahra, S., and Islam, M.S. (2025). The Global Burden of Periodontal Disease: A Narrative Review on Unveiling Socioeconomic and Health Challenges. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph22040624"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12808","article-title":"Scientific Evidence on the Links between Periodontal Diseases and Diabetes: Consensus Report and Guidelines of the Joint Workshop on Periodontal Diseases and Diabetes by the International Diabetes Federation and the European Federation of Periodontology","volume":"45","author":"Sanz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13686","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-93062-6","article-title":"Bidirectional Association between Periodontal Disease and Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies","volume":"11","author":"Barbaresko","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sufaru, I.G., Teslaru, S., Pasarin, L., Iovan, G., Stoleriu, S., and Solomon, S.M. (2022). Host Response Modulation Therapy in the Diabetes Mellitus-Periodontitis Conjuncture: A Narrative Review. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14081728"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-96881-6_12","article-title":"Update on the Bidirectional Link Between Diabetes and Periodontitis","volume":"Volume 1373","author":"Salhi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Periodontitis"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ranbhise, J.S., Ju, S., Singh, M.K., Han, S., Akter, S., Ha, J., Choe, W., Kim, S.S., and Kang, I. (2025). Chronic Inflammation and Glycemic Control: Exploring the Bidirectional Link Between Periodontitis and Diabetes. Dent. J., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/dj13030100"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, T.T., Bandeira, M., Giannopoulou, C., Zekeridou, A., Ryu, D., and Gariani, K. (Acta Diabetol., 2026). Periodontitis and Diabetes: A Bidirectional Link, Acta Diabetol., in press.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-026-02642-3"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"e22711","article-title":"Obesity: A Chronic Low-Grade Inflammation and Its Markers","volume":"14","author":"Khanna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirichenko, T.V., Markina, Y.V., Bogatyreva, A.I., Tolstik, T.V., Varaeva, Y.R., and Starodubova, A.V. (2022). The Role of Adipokines in Inflammatory Mechanisms of Obesity. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232314982"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02486-3","article-title":"Adipocytes Orchestrate Obesity-Related Chronic Inflammation through \u03b22-Microglobulin","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-024-01103-8","article-title":"Adipokines: Masterminds of Metabolic Inflammation","volume":"25","author":"Tilg","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, C.M., Lee, S., Hwang, W., Son, E., Kim, T.W., Kim, K., and Kim, Y.H. (2022). Obesity and Periodontitis: A Systematic Review and Updated Meta-Analysis. Front. Endocrinol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.999455"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reytor-Gonz\u00e1lez, C., Parise-Vasco, J.M., Gonz\u00e1lez, N., Simancas-Racines, A., Zambrano-Villacres, R., Zambrano, A.K., and Simancas-Racines, D. (2024). Obesity and Periodontitis: A Comprehensive Review of Their Interconnected Pathophysiology and Clinical Implications. Front. Nutr., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1440216"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3015","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI28898","article-title":"TLR4 links innate immunity and fatty acid-induced insulin resistance","volume":"116","author":"Shi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E145","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00490.2010","article-title":"Free fatty acids in the presence of high glucose amplify monocyte inflammation via Toll-like receptors","volume":"300","author":"Dasu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12468","article-title":"The role of Toll-like receptors in periodontitis","volume":"23","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.11.009","article-title":"Central glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor activation inhibits Toll-like receptor agonist-induced inflammation","volume":"36","author":"Wong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) (2026, January 23). Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals. Updated January 2026. Available online: https:\/\/www.icmje.org\/recommendations\/."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2019.09.010","article-title":"Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (GLP-1)","volume":"30","author":"Finan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuthati, Y., Davuluri, V.N.G., and Wong, C.S. (2025). Therapeutic Effects of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and DPP-4 Inhibitors in Neuropathic Pain: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications. Biomolecules, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15050622"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaggini, M., Sabatino, L., Suman, A.F., Chatzianagnostou, K., and Vassalle, C. (2025). Insights into the Roles of GLP-1, DPP-4, and SGLT2 at the Crossroads of Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolic Pathophysiology. Cells, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14050387"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107503","article-title":"Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors and Their Potential Immune Modulatory Functions","volume":"209","author":"Shao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinheiro, M.M., Pinheiro, F.M.M., Di Serio, B.F., Padilla, N., Nwosu, B.U., Della-Morte, D., Ricordi, C., and Infante, M. (2025). Combined Use of Vitamin D and DPP-4 Inhibitors as a Potential Adjuvant Treatment Strategy to Enhance the Efficacy of Novel Beta-Cell Replacement Therapies for Type 1 Diabetes. Med. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci13030141"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-024-01412-x","article-title":"The Multiple Actions of Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 (DPP-4) and Its Pharmacological Inhibition on Bone Metabolism: A Review","volume":"16","author":"Pechmann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30413-8","article-title":"GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: Differentiation within the Class","volume":"6","author":"Taylor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Q.K. (2024). Mechanisms of Action and Therapeutic Applications of GLP-1 and Dual GIP\/GLP-1 Receptor Agonists. Front. Endocrinol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1431292"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3509","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S506957","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review on the Pharmacokinetics and Drug\u2013Drug Interactions of Approved GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and a Dual GLP-1\/GIP Receptor Agonist","volume":"19","author":"Min","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Des. Devel. Ther."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e194751","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI194751","article-title":"Antiinflammatory Actions of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1-Based Therapies beyond Metabolic Benefits","volume":"135","author":"Wong","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, X., Yang, S., Deng, S., Liu, Y., Xu, Z., and He, B. (2025). Comparative Gastrointestinal Adverse Effects of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Multi-Target Analogs in Type 2 Diabetes: A Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis. Front. Pharmacol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1613610"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8843310","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8843310","article-title":"Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist Liraglutide Ameliorates the Development of Periodontitis","volume":"2020","author":"Sawada","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, H.M. (2025). GLP-1 Agonists in Cardiovascular Diseases: Mechanisms, Clinical Evidence, and Emerging Therapies. J. Clin. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14196758"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (2026, February 23). BYETTA\u00ae (Exenatide) Injection, for Subcutaneous Use: Prescribing Information, Available online: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2025\/021773Orig1s051correctedlbl.pdf."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (2026, February 23). MOUNJARO\u00ae (Tirzepatide) Injection, for Subcutaneous Use: Prescribing Information, Available online: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2025\/215866s039lbl.pdf."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (2026, February 23). OZEMPIC\u00ae (Semaglutide) Injection, for Subcutaneous Use: Prescribing Information, Available online: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2025\/209637s025lbl.pdf."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency (EMA) (2026). Mounjaro (Tirzepatide): EPAR\u2014Product Information, EMA. Available online: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/documents\/product-information\/mounjaro-epar-product-information_en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency (EMA) (2026). Ozempic (Semaglutide): EPAR\u2014Product Information, EMA. Available online: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/documents\/product-information\/ozempic-epar-product-information_en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency (EMA) (2026). Victoza (Liraglutide): EPAR\u2014Product Information, EMA. Available online: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/documents\/product-information\/victoza-epar-product-information_en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diz-Chaves, Y., Mastoor, Z., Spuch, C., Gonz\u00e1lez-Mat\u00edas, L.C., and Mallo, F. (2022). Anti-Inflammatory Effects of GLP-1 Receptor Activation in the Brain in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23179583"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e140532","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.140532","article-title":"Tirzepatide Is an Imbalanced and Biased Dual GIP and GLP-1 Receptor Agonist","volume":"5","author":"Willard","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Battistoni, A., Piras, L., Tartaglia, N., Carrano, F.M., De Vitis, C., and Barbato, E. (2025). Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists and the Endothelium: Molecular and Clinical Insights into Cardiovascular Protection. Front. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1669685"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shang, J., Liu, H., Zheng, Y., and Zhang, Z. (2023). Role of Oxidative Stress in the Relationship between Periodontitis and Systemic Diseases. Front. Physiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1210449"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Valverde, N., Quispe-L\u00f3pez, N., and Blanco Rueda, J.A. (2024). Inflammation and Immune Response in the Development of Periodontal Disease: A Narrative Review. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1493818"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20420188231222367","DOI":"10.1177\/20420188231222367","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory Role of Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists and Its Clinical Implications","volume":"15","author":"Alharbi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhuyan, R., Bhuyan, S.K., Mohanty, J.N., Das, S., Juliana, N., and Juliana, I.F. (2022). Periodontitis and Its Inflammatory Changes Linked to Various Systemic Diseases: A Review of Its Underlying Mechanisms. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10102659"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"e60779","article-title":"Role of Oxidative Stress in Periodontal Diseases","volume":"16","author":"Patil","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4782","DOI":"10.18203\/2394-6040.ijcmph20253285","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and Its Contribution to Chronic Periodontal Inflammation","volume":"12","author":"Albalbisi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Community Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v11.i5.193","article-title":"Evaluation of Oxidative Stress Levels in Obesity and Diabetes by the Free Oxygen Radical Test and Free Oxygen Radical Defence Assays and Correlations with Anthropometric and Laboratory Parameters","volume":"11","author":"Diaconu","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2022.04.004","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor regulates thromboxane-induced human platelet activation","volume":"7","author":"Cahill","year":"2022","journal-title":"JACC Basic Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2012.07.086","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) induces M2 polarization of human macrophages via STAT3 activation","volume":"425","author":"Shiraishi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"3573","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 modulates RAW264.7 macrophage polarization by interfering with the JNK\/STAT3 signaling pathway","volume":"17","author":"Wan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-025-02607-w","article-title":"The Role of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor (GLP-1R) Agonists in Enhancing Endothelial Function: A Potential Avenue for Improving Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF)","volume":"24","author":"Hullon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karakasis, P., Patoulias, D., Theofilis, P., Pamporis, K., Sagris, M., Vlachakis, P.K., Koufakis, T., Antoniadis, A.P., and Fragakis, N. (2025). GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Myocardial Perfusion: Bridging Mechanisms to Clinical Outcomes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26073050"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2025.102214","article-title":"The Expanding Benefits of GLP-1 Medicines","volume":"6","author":"Drucker","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S442106","article-title":"Revolutionizing Treatment Strategies for Autoimmune and Inflammatory Disorders: The Impact of Dipeptidyl-Peptidase 4 Inhibitors","volume":"17","author":"Rahim","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1038\/s41415-025-8642-2","article-title":"The Interrelationship between Periodontal Disease and Systemic Health","volume":"239","author":"Tattar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"fny221","article-title":"Distribution of Dipeptidyl Peptidase (DPP) 4, DPP5, DPP7 and DPP11 in Human Oral Microbiota\u2014Potent Biomarkers Indicating Presence of Periodontopathic Bacteria","volume":"365","author":"Shimoyama","year":"2018","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00277-17","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00277-17","article-title":"Degradation of Incretins and Modulation of Blood Glucose Levels by Periodontopathic Bacterial Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4","volume":"85","author":"Nakasato","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gheonea, T.C., \u0218urlin, P., Nicolae, F.M., Gheorghe, D.N., Popescu, D.M., and Rogoveanu, I. (2024). Dipeptidyl-Peptidase-4 and Glucagon-like-Peptide-1, a Link in the Connection between Periodontitis and Diabetes Mellitus\u2014What Do We Know So Far?\u2014A Scoping Review. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13030903"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtauto.2026.100349","article-title":"Liraglutide Prevents Lupus-Associated Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage via Inhibiting Lymphocyte Infiltration and Promoting Macrophage M2 Polarization","volume":"12","author":"Jiang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Transl. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehdi, S.F., Pusapati, S., Anwar, M.S., Lohana, D., Kumar, P., Nandula, S.A., Nawaz, F.K., Tracey, K., Yang, H., and LeRoith, D. (2023). Glucagon-Like Peptide-1: A Multi-Faceted Anti-Inflammatory Agent. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1148209"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.74575","article-title":"The role of inflammasome NLPR3 in the development and therapy of periodontitis","volume":"19","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12973","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.12973","article-title":"NLRP3 regulates alveolar bone loss in ligature-induced periodontitis by promoting osteoclastic differentiation","volume":"54","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Prolif."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-024-01261-8","article-title":"NLRP3 inflammasome: A key player in the pathogenesis of life-style disorders","volume":"56","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300060521992981","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060521992981","article-title":"GLP-1 alleviates NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent inflammation in perivascular adipose tissue by inhibiting the NF-\u03baB signalling pathway","volume":"49","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2018.03.142","article-title":"Liraglutide attenuates NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent pyroptosis via regulating SIRT1\/NOX4\/ROS pathway in H9c2 cells","volume":"499","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3619","DOI":"10.1007\/s12013-025-01742-1","article-title":"The impact of liraglutide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist, on high glucose-induced inflammation, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and NLRP3 signaling","volume":"83","author":"Gokce","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bassani, B., Cucchiara, M., Butera, A., Kayali, O., Chiesa, A., Palano, M.T., Olmeo, F., Gallazzi, M., Dellavia, C.P.B., and Mortara, L. (2023). Neutrophils\u2019 Contribution to Periodontitis and Periodontitis-Associated Cardiovascular Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242015370"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.08.045","article-title":"GLP-1 Receptor Agonists as Emerging Modulators of Inflammation and Angiogenesis in Chronic Cutaneous Wound Healing","volume":"145","author":"Mehta","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"1","article-title":"Inflammatory Bone Loss and Signaling Pathways in Periodontitis: Mechanistic Insights and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies","volume":"14","author":"Vernal","year":"2026","journal-title":"Bone Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ting, M., and Suzuki, J.B. (2024). Peri-Implantitis. Dent. J., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/dj12080251"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kitaura, H., Marahleh, A., Ohori, F., Noguchi, T., Nara, Y., Pramusita, A., Kinjo, R., Ma, J., Kanou, K., and Mizoguchi, I. (2022). Role of the Interaction of Tumor Necrosis Factor-\u03b1 and Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptors 1 and 2 in Bone-Related Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031481"},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"102155","article-title":"TNF\u03b1 Stimulates Osteoclastogenesis and Expression of CX3CL1 in Non-Adherent Bone Marrow Cells","volume":"43","author":"Otsuka","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Rep."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daniilopoulou, I., Vlachou, E., Lambrou, G.I., Ntikoudi, A., Dokoutsidou, E., Fasoi, G., Govina, O., Kavga, A., and Tsartsalis, A.N. (2022). The Impact of GLP1 Agonists on Bone Metabolism: A Systematic Review. Medicina, 58.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58020224"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-025-00483-4","article-title":"Weight loss induced bone loss: Mechanism of action and clinical implications","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bone Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1159\/000527502","article-title":"Glucagon-Like Peptide-2 Ameliorates Age-Associated Bone Loss and Gut Barrier Dysfunction in Senescence-Accelerated Mouse Prone 6 Mice","volume":"69","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2018.03.014","article-title":"Exendin-4 Relieves the Inhibitory Effects of High Glucose on the Proliferation and Osteoblastic Differentiation of Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells","volume":"91","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20230692","DOI":"10.1515\/med-2023-0692","article-title":"Exendin-4 Regulates the MAPK and WNT Signaling Pathways to Alleviate the Osteogenic Inhibition of Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells in a High Glucose Environment","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Open Med. (Wars.)"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2019.105801","article-title":"Exendin-4 Regulates Wnt and NF-\u03baB Signaling in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Human Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells to Promote Osteogenic Differentiation","volume":"75","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12997","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.12997","article-title":"Stromal Cell-Derived Factor-1\/Exendin-4 Cotherapy Facilitates the Proliferation, Migration and Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells In Vitro and Promotes Periodontal Bone Regeneration In Vivo","volume":"54","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Prolif."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.identj.2024.03.010","article-title":"Relationship between diabetes mellitus and periodontal\/peri-implant disease: A contemporaneous review","volume":"74","author":"Enteghad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e04701","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202504701","article-title":"Bone Healing Around Implants in Normal and Medically Compromised Conditions: Osteoporosis and Diabetes","volume":"15","author":"Variola","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2015.05.023","article-title":"Potential Mechanism for Osseointegration of Dental Implants in Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats","volume":"53","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2022.2036873","article-title":"Construction and Performance of Exendin-4-Loaded Chitosan\u2013PLGA Microspheres for Enhancing Implant Osseointegration in Type 2 Diabetic Rats","volume":"29","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, S.J., Baharin, B., Mohd, N., and Nabil, S. (2022). Effect of Anti-Diabetic Medications on Dental Implants: A Scoping Review of Animal Studies and Their Relevance to Humans. Pharmaceuticals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15121518"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghorbani, H., Minasyan, A., Ansari, D., Ghorbani, P., Wood, D.A., Yeremyan, R., Ghorbani, S., and Minasian, N. (2024). Anti-Diabetic Therapies on Dental Implant Success in Diabetes Mellitus: A Comprehensive Review. Front. Pharmacol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1506437"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, S., Ding, F., Liu, X., Wang, L., Wang, X., Zhang, S., Zhao, G., and Song, Y. (2021). Clinical and Radiographic Variables Related to Implants with Simultaneous Grafts among Type 2 Diabetic Patients Treated with Different Hypoglycemic Medications: A Retrospective Study. BMC Oral Health, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-021-01583-3"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, S., Li, Y., Liu, C., Wu, Y., Wan, Z., and Shen, D. (2022). Pathogenesis and Treatment of Wound Healing in Patients with Diabetes after Tooth Extraction. Front. Endocrinol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.949535"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-018-0253-4","article-title":"Periodontitis Affects Glucoregulatory Hormones in Severely Obese Individuals","volume":"43","author":"Solini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e74","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa757","article-title":"Effect of Treatment of Periodontitis on Incretin Axis in Obese and Nonobese Individuals: A Cohort Study","volume":"106","author":"Suvan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2020.107723","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Antidiabetic Drugs: A \u201cPromised Land\u201d in the COVID-19 Era?","volume":"34","author":"Katsiki","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Complicat."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Theofilis, P., Sagris, M., Oikonomou, E., Antonopoulos, A.S., Siasos, G., Tsioufis, K., and Tousoulis, D. (2022). The Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Novel Antidiabetic Agents. Life, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/life12111829"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, D., Zhong, J., Zhang, Q., and Zhang, J. (2023). Effects of Anti-Inflammatory Therapies on Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1125116"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raut, S., and Cucullo, L. (2025). Antidiabetic Agents as Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Therapies in Neurological and Cardiovascular Diseases. Antioxidants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14121490"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2025.118065","article-title":"Immunomodulatory Effects of Anti-Diabetic Therapies: Cytokine and Chemokine Modulation by Metformin, Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors, and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists (2013\u20132025)","volume":"299","author":"Ullah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S173","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.17-0721","article-title":"Periodontitis: Consensus Report of Workgroup 2 of the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions","volume":"89","author":"Papapanou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Est\u00e9vez-P\u00e9rez, D., Bustamante-Hern\u00e1ndez, N., Labaig-Rueda, C., Sol\u00e1-Ru\u00edz, M.F., Amengual-Lorenzo, J., Garc\u00eda-Sala Bonmat\u00ed, F., Zubizarreta-Macho, \u00c1., and Agust\u00edn-Panadero, R. (2020). Comparative Analysis of Peri-Implant Bone Loss in Extra-Short, Short, and Conventional Implants. A 3-Year Retrospective Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17249278"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1111\/clr.14115","article-title":"Marginal Bone Level Changes around Dental Implants with One or Two Adjacent Teeth\u2014A Clinical and Radiographic Retrospective Study with a Follow-Up of at Least 10 Years","volume":"34","author":"Weigel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implant. Res."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bentour, E., Papamanoli, E., and Karoussis, I.K. (2025). The Decision Between Tooth Retention or Replacement with Implants: A Continuing Dilemma. Dent. J., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/dj13030099"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tallarico, M., Grande, F., Fortunato, G., Cacci\u00f2, C., Lee, S.-Y., Cho, Y.-J., Noh, K.-T., Ohkubo, C., Aguirre, F., and Uzgur, R. (2026). Factors Affecting the Implant Supracrestal Complex: A Consensus Paper from the Global Consensus Meeting Organized by the Osstem Implant Community. Prosthesis, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/prosthesis8020018"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3296","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-30231-9","article-title":"Replication and Mediation of the Association between the Metabolome and Clinical Markers of Metabolic Health in an Adolescent Cohort Study","volume":"13","author":"Brachem","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.16364","article-title":"Real-World Evidence on the Utilization, Clinical and Comparative Effectiveness, and Adverse Effects of Newer GLP-1RA-Based Weight-Loss Therapies","volume":"27","author":"Thomsen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polymeri, A., Feres, M., Giannobile, W.V., and Loos, B.G. (J. Periodontol., 2026). GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: Bridging Diabetes, Obesity, and Periodontitis\u2014A Scoping Review of Emerging Evidence, J. Periodontol., in press.","DOI":"10.1002\/jper.70092"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12451","article-title":"Periodontitis and Implant Complications in Diabetes","volume":"90","author":"Nibali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Periodontology 2000"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40729-021-00399-8","article-title":"Systematic Review on Diabetes Mellitus and Dental Implants: An Update","volume":"8","author":"Wagner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Implant Dent."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cosola, S., Butera, A., Hailu Zergaw, A., George, J., Covani, U., Arrighi, A., Toti, P., Scribante, A., and Menchini-Fabris, G.B. (2025). Glycemic Control and Implant Stability in Patients with Type II Diabetes: Narrative Review. Healthcare, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare13050449"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu, Y., Golub, L.M., Lee, H.M., and Walker, S.G. (2025). Diabetes, Periodontal Disease, and Novel Therapeutic Approaches\u2014Host Modulation Therapy. Front. Clin. Diabetes Healthc., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcdhc.2025.1529086"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13997","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13997","article-title":"Meta-Analysis of Factors Associated with Antidiabetic Drug Prescribing for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"53","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-024-00824-9","article-title":"An Update on Chronic Complications of Diabetes Mellitus: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Strategies with a Focus on Metabolic Memory","volume":"30","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_118","first-page":"1822133","article-title":"The Relationship between Macrovascular Complications, HbA1c Levels, Diabetes Duration, and Obesity in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Retrospective Analysis","volume":"1","author":"Can","year":"2026","journal-title":"Turk. J. Clin. Lab."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Ji, C., Wang, D., Wang, M., Song, D., Xu, X., and Zhang, D. (2023). The Burden of Diabetes on the Soft Tissue Seal Surrounding the Dental Implants. Front. Physiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1136973"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abichandani, S.J., and Dutta, A. (2026). Effect of Time-Varying Glycemic Control on Long-Term Dental Implant Outcomes: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implant., 1\u201319.","DOI":"10.11607\/jomi.11625"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Savulescu-Fiedler, I., Mihalcea, R., Dragosloveanu, S., Scheau, C., Baz, R.O., Caruntu, A., Scheau, A.-E., Caruntu, C., and Benea, S.N. (2024). The Interplay between Obesity and Inflammation. Life, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/life14070856"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.125.322196","article-title":"Influence of Weight Loss and Weight Regain on Adipose Tissue Inflammation","volume":"45","author":"Caceres","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-021-02836-z","article-title":"Cigarette Smoke-Associated Inflammation Impairs Bone Remodeling through NF\u03baB Activation","volume":"19","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tarantino, U., Cariati, I., Greggi, C., Gasbarra, E., Belluati, A., Ciolli, L., Maccauro, G., Momoli, A., Ripanti, S., and Falez, F. (2021). Skeletal System Biology and Smoke Damage: From Basic Science to Medical Clinic. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126629"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18251","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-03075-8","article-title":"The Effects of Heavy Smoking on Oxidative Stress, Inflammatory Biomarkers, Vascular Dysfunction, and Hematological Indices","volume":"15","author":"Khudhur","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2025.106151","article-title":"Effects of Heated Tobacco Products and Conventional Cigarettes on Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Alveolar Macrophages","volume":"110","author":"Sul","year":"2026","journal-title":"Toxicol. In Vitro"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108431","article-title":"Characteristics Associated with Medication Adherence in a Randomized Clinical Trial of Multiple Pharmacotherapy Adaptations Based on Treatment Response in Black Adults Who Smoke","volume":"170","author":"Cruvinel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1038\/s41432-023-00930-3","article-title":"Impacts of Smoking on Oral Health\u2014What Is the Role of the Dental Team in Smoking Cessation?","volume":"24","author":"Amaral","year":"2023","journal-title":"Evid. Based Dent."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2023.104525","article-title":"The Impact of Smoking on Peri-Implant Microbiota: A Systematic Review","volume":"133","author":"Chih","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madi, M., Smith, S., Alshehri, S., Zakaria, O., and Almas, K. (2023). Influence of Smoking on Periodontal and Implant Therapy: A Narrative Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20075368"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Charde, P., Ali, K., and Hamdan, N. (2024). Effects of E-Cigarette Smoking on Periodontal Health: A Scoping Review. PLoS Glob. Public Health, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0002311"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.identj.2024.12.036","article-title":"Effects of Electronic Cigarettes on Periodontal Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"75","author":"Alkattan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6367402","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6367402","article-title":"Contribution of Statins towards Periodontal Treatment: A Review","volume":"2019","author":"Petit","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_134","first-page":"1299","article-title":"Applications of Metformin in Dentistry\u2014A Review","volume":"18","author":"Ahmed","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Taibah Univ. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_135","first-page":"300","article-title":"Supportive Periodontal Therapy Affects Dental Implants Probing Pocket Depth, Bleeding on Probing, and Bone Level: A 4- to 8-Year Follow-Up Study","volume":"52","author":"Gabay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Quintessence Int."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qureshi, A., Bokhari, S.A.H., Haque, Z., Baloch, A.A., and Zaheer, S. (2021). Clinical Efficacy of Scaling and Root Planing with and without Metronidazole on Glycemic Control: Three-Arm Randomized Controlled Trial. BMC Oral Health, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-021-01620-1"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4955277","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4955277","article-title":"Impact of Periodontitis on Glycemic Control and Metabolic Status in Diabetes Patients: Current Knowledge on Early Disease Markers and Therapeutic Perspectives","volume":"2022","author":"Santonocito","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-00488-6","article-title":"Local and Systemic Mechanisms Linking Periodontal Disease and Inflammatory Comorbidities","volume":"21","author":"Hajishengallis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S277676","article-title":"Real-World Adherence and Discontinuation of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in the United States","volume":"14","author":"Weiss","year":"2020","journal-title":"Patient Prefer. Adherence"},{"key":"ref_140","first-page":"00185787251372054","article-title":"Missed Doses, Missed Opportunities: Readmission Due to GLP-1RA Interruption Inspires Algorithms to Improve Reinitiation of Therapy at Discharge","volume":"61","author":"Michelet","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hosp. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2025.103213","article-title":"GLP1-RAs: Long-Term Use versus Discontinuation Events of an Emerging Therapy for Obesity and Cardiovascular Diseases","volume":"51","author":"Salerno","year":"2026","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12379","article-title":"Association between metabolic syndrome and periodontitis: The role of lipids, inflammatory cytokines, altered host response, and the microbiome","volume":"87","author":"Pirih","year":"2021","journal-title":"Periodontology 2000"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aizenbud, I., Wilensky, A., and Almoznino, G. (2023). Periodontal disease and its association with metabolic syndrome\u2014A comprehensive review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241613011"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1038\/s41415-025-8324-0","article-title":"Links between oral diseases and metabolic syndrome: A narrative review","volume":"238","author":"Syed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e36730","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000036730","article-title":"Semaglutide-Associated Hyposalivation: A Report of Case Series","volume":"102","author":"Mawardi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.08.010","article-title":"The Role of Natural Salivary Defences in Maintaining a Healthy Oral Microbiota","volume":"80","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u010ci\u017em\u00e1rov\u00e1, B., Tome\u010dkov\u00e1, V., Hubkov\u00e1, B., Hurajtov\u00e1, A., Ohlasov\u00e1, J., and Birkov\u00e1, A. (2022). Salivary Redox Homeostasis in Human Health and Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231710076"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2021.05.009","article-title":"Novel Impacts of Saliva with Regard to Oral Health","volume":"127","author":"Uchida","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matsuoka, M., Soria, S.A., Pires, J.R., Sant\u2019Ana, A.C.P., and Freire, M. (2025). Natural and Induced Immune Responses in Oral Cavity and Saliva. BMC Immunol., 26.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12865-025-00713-8"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bara\u0107, M., and Roganovi\u0107, J. (2025). GLP-1 Receptor Signaling and Oral Dysfunction: A Narrative Review on the Mechanistic Basis of Semaglutide-Related Oral Adverse Effects. Biology, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14121650"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghanem, A.S., and Nagy, A.C. (2024). Oral Health\u2019s Role in Diabetes Risk: A Cross-Sectional Study with Sociodemographic and Lifestyle Insights. Front. Endocrinol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1342783"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dumitrescu, R., Bolchis, V., Popescu, S., Ivanescu, A., Bolos, A., Jumanca, D., and Galuscan, A. (2025). Oral Health and Quality of Life in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: Key Findings from a Romanian Study. J. Clin. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14020400"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.32061","article-title":"Otolaryngologic Side Effects of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists","volume":"135","author":"Khan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okuyama, K., and Yanamoto, S. (2024). Saliva in Balancing Oral and Systemic Health, Oral Cancer, and Beyond: A Narrative Review. Cancers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16244276"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alsenani, M., Alothman, L., Alsenaidi, J., Alnowaiser, A., Aldawsari, M., and Alharbi, N. (2025). Correlation between E-Cigarette Use and Salivary Flow Rate, pH, and Buffering Capacity: A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study. BMC Oral Health, 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-07255-w"},{"key":"ref_156","unstructured":"American Dental Association (ADA) (2026, January 21). Xerostomia (Dry Mouth). Oral Health Topics; Updated 24 April 2023. Available online: https:\/\/www.ada.org\/resources\/ada-library\/oral-health-topics\/xerostomia."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kapourani, A., Kontogiannopoulos, K.N., Manioudaki, A.-E., Poulopoulos, A.K., Tsalikis, L., Assimopoulou, A.N., and Barmpalexis, P. (2022). A Review on Xerostomia and Its Various Management Strategies: The Role of Advanced Polymeric Materials in the Treatment Approaches. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14050850"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Witaszek, T., Biesiada, A., Iskra-Trifunovi\u0107, J., Babicki, M., Mastalerz-Migas, A., and K\u0142oda, K. (2025). Gastrointestinal symptoms in obesity therapy: Mechanisms, epidemiology, and management strategies. Biomedicines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13102362"},{"key":"ref_159","first-page":"804","article-title":"Periodontal Maintenance Therapy for Long-Term Tooth Preservation and Adequate Oral Health: A Narrative Review and Case Series","volume":"56","author":"Kwon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Quintessence Int."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Desai, J.P., and Nair, R.U. (2023). Oral Health Factors Related to Rapid Oral Health Deterioration among Older Adults: A Narrative Review. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12093202"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01789","DOI":"10.14309\/crj.0000000000001789","article-title":"Impact of GLP-1 receptor agonists on whole-gut gastrointestinal motility using wireless motility capsule: A descriptive single-center case series","volume":"12","author":"Cymbal","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACG Case Rep. J."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2025.107587","article-title":"GLP-1 Receptor Agonists\u2014Good for Body Weight, Bad for Micronutrient Status?","volume":"9","author":"Kerlikowsky","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Dev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson, B., Milstead, M., Thomas, O., McGlasson, T., Green, L., Kreider, R., and Jones, R. (2025). Investigating Nutrient Intake during Use of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist: A Cross-Sectional Study. Front. Nutr., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1566498"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.obpill.2025.100186","article-title":"Nutritional Deficiencies and Muscle Loss in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Using GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: A Retrospective Observational Study","volume":"15","author":"Butsch","year":"2025","journal-title":"Obes. Pillars"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-025-01952-w","article-title":"Bridging the Nutrition Guidance Gap for GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Therapy Assisted Weight Loss: Lessons from Bariatric Surgery","volume":"50","author":"Spreckley","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gombart, A.F., Pierre, A., and Maggini, S. (2020). A review of micronutrients and the immune system\u2014Working in harmony to reduce the risk of infection. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12010236"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2024.01.006","article-title":"Impact of Nutrition on Skin Wound Healing and Aesthetic Outcomes: A Comprehensive Narrative Review","volume":"39","author":"Seth","year":"2024","journal-title":"JPRAS Open"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stanescu, C., Chiscop, I., Mihalache, D., Boev, M., Tamas, C., and Stoleriu, G. (2025). The roles of micronutrition and nutraceuticals in enhancing wound healing and tissue regeneration: A systematic review. Molecules, 30.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30173568"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alhazmi, A., and le Roux, C.W. (2026). Do no harm: Managing nausea and vomiting in GLP-1 based obesity therapies. Front. Endocrinol., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2026.1788698"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000006614","article-title":"Association of perioperative glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist use and postoperative outcomes","volume":"281","author":"Aschen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gorgojo-Mart\u00ednez, J.J., Mezquita-Raya, P., Carretero-G\u00f3mez, J., Castro, A., Cebri\u00e1n-Cuenca, A., de Torres-S\u00e1nchez, A., Garc\u00eda-de-Lucas, M.D., N\u00fa\u00f1ez, J., Obaya, J.C., and Soler, M.J. (2023). Clinical Recommendations to Manage Gastrointestinal Adverse Events in Patients Treated with GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: A Multidisciplinary Expert Consensus. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12010145"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5517","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-022-04469-y","article-title":"P4 medicine as a model for precision periodontal care","volume":"26","author":"Bartold","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152822","article-title":"GLP-1 receptor agonists and inflammatory pathway modulation: Dual targeting of metabolic and immune dysfunction in insulin resistance","volume":"789","author":"Ngabea","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-022-02165-1","article-title":"Prevalence and Impact of Polypharmacy in Older Patients with Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"34","author":"Remelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/16\/6\/857\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T11:12:07Z","timestamp":1781694727000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/16\/6\/857"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"references-count":174,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["biom16060857"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom16060857","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-273X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]}}}