{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T01:52:11Z","timestamp":1781747531957,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Effective hand washing takes time and hand sanitizers that contain alcohol have a number of drawbacks, and frequent use of alcohol may cause skin damage. The objective of this study is to formulate nanostructured lipid carrier systems containing chlorhexidine digluconate to be applied topically for hand hygiene, especially for people sensitive to alcohol. A cytotoxicity experiment was conducted to ascertain the safe dosage for each of the three nano-cream formulas (F1, F2 and F3). Following each treatment, the viral titer was assessed using tissue culture infectious dose50 and standard plaque assays. The selected formulation was characterized rheologically. Furthermore, fifteen volunteers of various ages and genders participated in the vivo antimicrobial test of the selected formulation as a hand sanitizer. All of the formulas were found to be safe. Using the disc diffusion method, the three formulations exhibited in vitro antimicrobial effects against different microbes. F1 showed biphasic release, reasonable skin deposition and spherical droplets under a microscope. F1 exhibited a non-Newtonian shear thinning flow behavior. After 30 min, the reduction values for rotavirus and Phix-174 were 21 and 4%, respectively. Additionally, the impact of F1 was assessed on the infectivity of simian rotavirus sa-11 (ds RNA) and Phix-174 (ss DNA) bacteriophage. According to the findings of the in vivo study, the percentage of total bacterial counts that were removed varied from 91 to 100%. Moreover, the range of the removal percentage of total fungi was 95.38 to 100%. In summary, F1 can be used as an economic, safe, and effective hand antiseptic. It can also completely replace alcohol in the market.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom16060886","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:49:42Z","timestamp":1781743782000},"page":"886","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Competent Antiviral, Antimicrobial, Nontoxic Nanostructured Lipid Carrier System for Safe Use as a Hand Sanitizer: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3932-2301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eman Samy","family":"Shalaby","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Azab","family":"El-Liethy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Microbiology Lab., Water Pollution Research Department, Environmental Research and Climate Change Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5823-8028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sherif","family":"Abd-Elmaksoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Virology Lab., Water Pollution Research Department, Environmental Research and Climate Change Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4630-1090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corrado","family":"Tagliati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AST Ancona, Ospedale di Comunit\u00e0 Maria Montessori di Chiaravalle, Via Fratelli Rosselli 176, 60033 Chiaravalle, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rawia Mohamed","family":"Khalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3648-7386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Said Ibrahim","family":"Shalaby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Complementary Medicine Department, Institute of Medical Researches and Clinical Trials, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raheem, A., Liang, L., Zhang, G., and Cui, S. 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