{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T13:34:18Z","timestamp":1791380058626,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000874","name":"Brain and Behavior Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["23494"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23494"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000874","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["23494"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23494"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03a63f080","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NI 1332\/16-1, BPD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NI 1332\/16-1, BPD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NI 1332\/6-1, SAD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NI 1332\/6-1, SAD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["NI 1332\/16-1, BPD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NI 1332\/16-1, BPD"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/018mejw64","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["NI 1332\/6-1, SAD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NI 1332\/6-1, SAD"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/018mejw64","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Research and Arts, Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01EE2306B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01EE2306B"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["01EE2306B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01EE2306B"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04pz7b180","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"DFG\u2019s International Research Training Group","award":["IRTG2804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IRTG2804"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Adult mental disorders (aMD), including borderline personality disorder (BPD), major depressive disorder (MDD), and social anxiety disorder (SAD), share adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) as an environmental risk factor. Epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation (DNAm), may mediate the biological link between early adversity and psychiatric risk. SIAH3, implicated in stress-related and mitochondrial pathways, has been previously associated with both ACE and aMD. This study examined SIAH3 DNAm in adults with BPD, MDD, or SAD, relative to healthy control participants (HC), testing effects of diagnosis, ACE exposure, and their interaction across the pooled sample and within each diagnostic group. Both aMD diagnosis and high ACE exposure showed trends toward SIAH3 hypomethylation, and a significant diagnosis \u00d7 ACE interaction emerged, with inconclusive post-hoc tests. Disorder-specific analyses revealed heterogeneous patterns: in BPD, high ACE showed a trend toward hypermethylation in unadjusted models; in MDD, interaction effects were marginal and not robust to covariate adjustment; in SAD, significant main effects and a diagnosis \u00d7 ACE interaction were observed, with high ACE associated with lower DNAm exclusively in HC. These findings suggest disorder-specific epigenetic responses to ACE, positioning SIAH3 as a potential molecular link between early life stress, mitochondrial function, and aMD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom16070934","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T03:06:34Z","timestamp":1782875194000},"page":"934","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Investigating Peripheral SIAH3 DNA Methylation in Adult Mental Disorders in Relation to Adverse Childhood Experiences"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Annika","family":"Bender","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Mental Health, Partner Site Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany"},{"name":"Tuebingen Center for Mental Health (T\u00fcCMH), University Hospital Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurine","family":"Schweizer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany"},{"name":"Tuebingen Center for Mental Health (T\u00fcCMH), University Hospital Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7298-9909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirac Nur","family":"Musaoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany"},{"name":"Tuebingen Center for Mental Health (T\u00fcCMH), University Hospital Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5203-2102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Pasche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Mental Health, Partner Site Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany"},{"name":"Tuebingen Center for Mental Health (T\u00fcCMH), University Hospital Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariane","family":"Wiegand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80336 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Mental Health, Partner Site Munich-Augsburg, 80336 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6266-9303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanne","family":"Edelmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Mental Health, Partner Site Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany"},{"name":"Tuebingen Center for Mental Health (T\u00fcCMH), University Hospital Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7884-4500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa","family":"Nieratschker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Mental Health, Partner Site Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany"},{"name":"Tuebingen Center for Mental Health (T\u00fcCMH), University Hospital Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-022-00381-5","article-title":"Childhood trauma and epigenetics: State of the science and future","volume":"9","author":"Gladish","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. 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