{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T15:46:03Z","timestamp":1789055163491,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32302098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32302098"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["32302098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32302098"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The protective effects of Lactobacillus murinus on chemotherapy-related intestinal injury and immune imbalances were explored by establishing a cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced mouse model of immunosuppression. CTX treatment led to intestinal barrier destruction, exacerbated local inflammation, and significantly reduced short-chain fatty acid levels (especially butyrate), accompanied by systemic immune suppression. Lactobacillus murinus intervention, especially at medium and high doses, dose-dependently repaired the intestinal barrier, inhibited inflammatory responses, restored levels of metabolites such as butyrate, and systematically regulated splenic immune cell proportions, restoring the CD4+\/CD8+ balance. Metabolomic analysis further revealed that, at different doses, this regulation affected distinct metabolic pathways: low doses enhanced glutathione and purine metabolism, medium doses restored folate and steroid hormone metabolism, and high doses promoted fatty acid \u03b2-oxidation and galactose metabolism, forming a multi-level metabolic protective network. This suggests that L. murinus can alleviate chemotherapy-induced intestinal mucositis and mitigate systemic immune suppression through a dual local anti-inflammatory and systemic immune-regulatory effect, with potential mechanisms related to butyrate-mediated regulation of the \u201cmetabolism\u2013immune axis,\u201d providing evidence for probiotic-assisted chemotherapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom16070957","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T03:06:34Z","timestamp":1782875194000},"page":"957","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Lactobacillus murinus Mediates Multi-Target Protection to Alleviate Cyclophosphamide-Induced Intestinal Injury and Immune Suppression Through the Gut\u2013Metabolism\u2013Immune Axis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2397-8904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingna","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Medicinal Natural Products Resources, Fujian Universities and Colleges Engineering Research Center of Marine Biopharmaceutical Resources, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6182-6058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nan","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, Xiamen 361013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8657-2867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoting","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, Xiamen 361013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lexuan","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Medicinal Natural Products Resources, Fujian Universities and Colleges Engineering Research Center of Marine Biopharmaceutical Resources, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Medicinal Natural Products Resources, Fujian Universities and Colleges Engineering Research Center of Marine Biopharmaceutical Resources, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9450-7894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoya","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Medicinal Natural Products Resources, Fujian Universities and Colleges Engineering Research Center of Marine Biopharmaceutical Resources, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, Xiamen 361013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-011-0245-0","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effects of cyclophosphamide and implementations for vaccine design","volume":"33","author":"Sistigu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin. 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