{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T05:14:16Z","timestamp":1783660456272,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With a lack of population-specific reference intervals (RIs) in Bangladesh, this study aimed to determine RIs for complete blood count (CBC) and specific micronutrients, vitamin D (VitD) and zinc, and to assess the possible impact of prior history of SARS-CoV-2 infection on these parameters. Healthy participants (n = 1724) of both sexes aged \u2265 10 years from slum and non-slum areas of Dhaka city were sampled systematically. A total of 26 CBC parameters were determined using an automated hematology analyzer, whereas the micronutrients VitD and zinc were measured using automated immunoassay analyzers and atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS), respectively. Multiple regression analysis (MRA) was employed to determine the association of variations in reference values (RVs) of hematological and micronutrient parameters with sex, age, and slum residency of the participants. Practical significance of each factor was judged from partial correlation coefficients (rp) by setting its minimum effect size at |rp| = 0.2. The need to partition RVs by sex and age was assessed using the ANOVA-based standard deviation ratio (SDR). RIs were determined by parametric method after Gaussian transformation using the two-parameter Box\u2013Cox formula, with or without the latent abnormal values exclusion (LAVE) method. By MRA, sex and age were significant source of variations for various CBC parameters, whereas slum residence was associated with increased levels of VitD and zinc Using the SDR \u2265 0.35 threshold, RVs were partitioned by sex to derive RIs for hemoglobin, hematocrit, red cell count and indices (MCH, MCHC), and plateletcrit, as well as for VitD and zinc. Comparing these RIs with those from the global collaborative studies indicated significant differences in erythrocyte and leukocyte parameters. These are the first population-specific RIs for urban Dhaka city, underscoring the need for country-specific RIs for accurate clinical use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom16070968","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T03:06:34Z","timestamp":1782875194000},"page":"968","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Defining Reference Intervals for Complete Blood Count and Micronutrient Parameters in Urban Bangladeshi Population"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4408-6104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Ahsanul","family":"Haq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunobiology, Nutrition and Toxicology, Nutrition Research Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiyoshi","family":"Ichihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube 755-8505, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0023-1733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dewan Zubaer","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunobiology, Nutrition and Toxicology, Nutrition Research Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md.","family":"Jakarea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunobiology, Nutrition and Toxicology, Nutrition Research Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Mehedi","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunobiology, Nutrition and Toxicology, Nutrition Research Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anjan Kumar","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunobiology, Nutrition and Toxicology, Nutrition Research Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evana","family":"Akhtar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunobiology, Nutrition and Toxicology, Nutrition Research Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8116-4511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rubhana","family":"Raqib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunobiology, Nutrition and Toxicology, Nutrition Research Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2077-7813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Protim","family":"Sarker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunobiology, Nutrition and Toxicology, Nutrition Research Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s42081-020-00082-z","article-title":"Evaluation of regional variations in healthcare utilization","volume":"3","author":"Ibuka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Stat. Data Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3329\/jsr.v15i1.60328","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors associated with chronic diseases among young Adult in Bangladesh","volume":"15","author":"Hasan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-557X.177290","article-title":"Prevalence of risk factors for non-communicable diseases in Bangladesh: Results from STEPS survey 2010","volume":"60","author":"Zaman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"E116","article-title":"Tools for implementing an evidence-based approach in public health practice","volume":"9","author":"Jacobs","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prev. Chronic Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Bonita, R., Beaglehole, R., and Kjellstr\u00f6m, T. (2006). Basic Epidemiology, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"CLSI (2026, March 07). Defining, Establishing, and Verifying Reference Intervals in the Clinical Laboratory. CLSI EP28. Available online: https:\/\/clsi.org\/shop\/standards\/ep28\/."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1309\/AJCPN5BMTSF1CDYP","article-title":"Establishing reference intervals for clinical laboratory test results: Is there a better way?","volume":"133","author":"Katayev","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Association, A.H. (2026, March 07). International Health Systems Comparisons by Country. Available online: https:\/\/www.aha.org\/bibliographylink-page\/2020-06-25-international-health-systems-comparisons-country."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.9392","article-title":"Challenges in international comparison of health care systems","volume":"318","author":"Papanicolas","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-021-00734-w","article-title":"Cross-national comparisons of health indicators require standardized definitions and common data sources","volume":"79","author":"Tolonen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2013-0249","article-title":"Protocol and standard operating procedures for common use in a worldwide multicenter study on reference values","volume":"51","author":"Ozarda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2004.119","article-title":"Normality: The unreachable star?","volume":"42","author":"Petitclerc","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2014.01.025","article-title":"Statistical considerations for harmonization of the global multicenter study on reference values","volume":"432","author":"Ichihara","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-025-07541-w","article-title":"Statistical analysis of hematological and biochemical parameters in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients across diverse populations: A cross-sectional observational study","volume":"7","author":"Rather","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Charostad, J., Rezaei Zadeh Rukerd, M., Shahrokhi, A., Aghda, F.A., Ghelmani, Y., Pourzand, P., Pourshaikhali, S., Dabiri, S., Dehghani, A., and Astani, A. (2023). Evaluation of hematological parameters alterations in different waves of COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0290242"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bizjak, D.A., John, L., Matits, L., Uhl, A., Schulz, S.V.W., Schellenberg, J., Peifer, J., Bloch, W., Wei\u00df, M., and Gr\u00fcner, B. (2022). SARS-CoV-2 altered hemorheological and hematological parameters during one-month observation period in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232315332"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.htct.2021.12.001","article-title":"Hematological changes in SARS-CoV-2 positive patients","volume":"44","author":"Urbano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hematol. Transfus. Cell Ther."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"43","article-title":"Spectrum of hematological changes in COVID-19","volume":"12","author":"Gajendra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Blood Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., and Kong, G. (2024). Changes in vitamin D status among adults from the COVID-19 pandemic to post-pandemic normality. Front. Nutr., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1407890"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Athanassiou, L., Kostoglou-Athanassiou, I., Nikolakopoulou, S., Konstantinou, A., Mascha, O., Siarkos, E., Samaras, C., Athanassiou, P., and Shoenfeld, Y. (2024). Vitamin D levels as a marker of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. Life, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/life14020210"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perestiuk, V., Kosovska, T., Volianska, L., and Boyarchuk, O. (2025). Association of zinc deficiency and clinical symptoms, inflammatory markers, severity of COVID-19 in hospitalized children. Front. Nutr., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1566505"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11101444","article-title":"Factors Associated with Reported COVID-like Symptoms and Seroprevalence Data Matched with COVID-like Symptoms in Slums and Non-Slums of Two Major Cities in Bangladesh","volume":"11","author":"Razzaque","year":"2023","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.11.1.29-34.2004","article-title":"Population-based hematologic and immunologic reference values for a healthy Ugandan population","volume":"11","author":"Lugada","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (2016). A power primer. Methodological Issues and Strategies in Clinical Research, American Psychological Association.","DOI":"10.1037\/14805-018"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2010.319","article-title":"An appraisal of statistical procedures used in derivation of reference intervals","volume":"48","author":"Ichihara","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2023.107820","article-title":"Critical appraisal of two Box-Cox formulae for their utility in determining reference intervals by realistic simulation and extensive real-world data analyses","volume":"242","author":"Ichihara","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Programs Biomed."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2022-0293","article-title":"Derivation of sex and age-specific reference intervals for clinical chemistry analytes in healthy Ghanaian adults","volume":"60","author":"Bawua","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Fraser, C.G. (2001). Biological Variation: From Principles to Practice, American Association for Clinical Chemistry (AACC)."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grau, M., Cremer, J.M., Schmeichel, S., Kunkel, M., and Bloch, W. (2018). Comparisons of blood parameters, red blood cell deformability and circulating nitric oxide between males and females considering hormonal contraception: A longitudinal gender study. Front. Physiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01835"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2013.12.003","article-title":"The sex difference in haemoglobin levels in adults\u2014Mechanisms, causes, and consequences","volume":"28","author":"Murphy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"35","article-title":"Etiology of differences in hematocrit between males and females: Sequence-based polymorphisms in erythropoietin and its receptor","volume":"4","author":"Zeng","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gend.-Specif. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"129","article-title":"Reference interval of Hemoglobin: Findings from a Cross Sectional Study in Adult Population of Dhaka, Bangladesh","volume":"34","author":"Bhowmik","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mymensingh Med. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.4103\/hmj.hmj_81_21","article-title":"Haematology reference range evaluation for novel research parameters on the complete blood count analyzer sysmex XN-1000","volume":"15","author":"Rahar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hamdan Med. J."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"872","article-title":"Biological reference intervals for hematological parameters including novel research parameters in population of Eastern India","volume":"122","author":"Sengupta","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Indian Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"220","article-title":"Establishment of population specific reference intervals in healthy Pakistani adults for 21 routine and special haematology analytes","volume":"33","author":"Shaikh","year":"2022","journal-title":"eJIFCC"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1111\/ijlh.12843","article-title":"Establishment of new complete blood count reference values for healthy Thai adults","volume":"40","author":"Wongkrajang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Lab. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/ijlh.13371","article-title":"Establishing hematological reference intervals in healthy adults: Ravansar non-communicable disease cohort study, Iran","volume":"43","author":"Moradinazar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Lab. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaheen, N.A., Rehan, H., Moghairi, A., Gmati, G., Damlaj, M., Salama, H., Rather, M., Mendoza, M.A., Alanazi, A., and Al Ahmari, B. (2022). Hematological indices in the adult saudi population: Reference intervals by gender, age, and region. Front. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.901937"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, X., Zhao, M., Pan, B., Zhang, J., Peng, M., Wang, L., Hao, X., Huang, X., Mu, R., and Guo, W. (2015). Complete blood count reference intervals for healthy Han Chinese adults. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0119669"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.3343\/alm.2018.38.6.503","article-title":"Complete blood count reference intervals and patterns of changes across pediatric, adult, and geriatric ages in Korea","volume":"38","author":"Nah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azegami, T., Nishimura, T., Murai-Takeda, A., Yamada-Goto, N., Sato, Y., and Mori, M. (2020). The distributions of hematologic and biochemical values in healthy high-school adolescents in Japan. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0242272"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"48","article-title":"Reference intervals for a complete blood count on an automated haematology analyser Sysmex XN in healthy adults from the southern metropolitan area of Barcelona","volume":"29","author":"Imperiali","year":"2018","journal-title":"eJIFCC"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2013-201687","article-title":"Full blood count normal reference values for adults in France","volume":"67","author":"Troussard","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2015.240531","article-title":"Complex biological profile of hematologic markers across pediatric, adult, and geriatric ages: Establishment of robust pediatric and adult reference intervals on the basis of the Canadian Health Measures Survey","volume":"61","author":"Adeli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E190003.SUPL.2","DOI":"10.1590\/1980-549720190003.supl.2","article-title":"Reference values for blood count laboratory tests in the Brazilian adult population, National Health Survey","volume":"22","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Omuse, G., Maina, D., Mwangi, J., Wambua, C., Radia, K., Kanyua, A., Kagotho, E., Hoffman, M., Ojwang, P., and Premji, Z. (2018). Complete blood count reference intervals from a healthy adult urban population in Kenya. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198444"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1111\/ijlh.13296","article-title":"Establishing Ghanaian adult reference intervals for hematological parameters controlling for latent anemia and inflammation","volume":"42","author":"Bawua","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Lab. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"1675","article-title":"The reference intervals for the haematological parameters in healthy adult population of chennai, southern India","volume":"6","author":"Subhashree","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"473","article-title":"Population Based Reference Intervals for Common Blood Haematological Parameters in Healthy Adult living in Jodhpur City, Rajasthan","volume":"3","author":"Kumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sch. J. Appl. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1007\/s12288-023-01714-6","article-title":"Common Hematological Reference Indices Among Healthy Reproductive Age Indian Women-Data Subset from Nationwide Study","volume":"40","author":"Ganie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Indian J. Hematol. Blood Transfus."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"3","article-title":"Reference values for haemoglobin level and red cell count for adult male population of muzaffarabad","volume":"19","author":"Kayani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pak. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s41043-023-00493-0","article-title":"Relationship between tobacco smoking and hematological indices among Sudanese smokers","volume":"43","author":"Ahmed","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Health Popul. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.4103\/jiaomr.jiaomr_30_20","article-title":"Effects of smoking on hemoglobin and erythrocytes sedimentation rate and its association with ABO blood groups","volume":"32","author":"Thriveni","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Indian Acad. Oral Med. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.5455\/medarh.2017.71.132-136","article-title":"Effect of cigarette smoking on haematological parameters in healthy population","volume":"71","author":"Malenica","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Arch."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lab.2005.12.004","article-title":"Long-term ethanol consumption and macrocytosis: Diagnostic and pathogenic implications","volume":"147","author":"Koivisto","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Lab. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2007.06.010","article-title":"Ethnic variation in certain hematological and biochemical reference intervals in a south Indian healthy adult population","volume":"19","author":"Sundaram","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"288","article-title":"Consequence of smoking on hematological parameters in apparently healthy medical students","volume":"8","author":"Alharbi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1159\/000499102","article-title":"Relationships of habitual alcohol intake with erythrocyte-related indices in middle-aged Japanese men","volume":"142","author":"Wakabayashi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Haematol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2016.09.016","article-title":"A global multicenter study on reference values: 1. Assessment of methods for derivation and comparison of reference intervals","volume":"467","author":"Ichihara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borai, A., Ichihara, K., Bahijri, S., Almasoud, A., Tamimi, W., Abdulhadi, W., Lingga, J., Bawazeer, A., Abdelaal, M., and Boraie, S. (2023). Establishment of reference intervals for hematological parameters of adult population in the western region of Saudi Arabia. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0281494"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2017.038","article-title":"A nationwide multicentre study in Turkey for establishing reference intervals of haematological parameters with novel use of a panel of whole blood","volume":"27","author":"Ozarda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. Medica"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/34.9.1694","article-title":"Racial differences of hemoglobin concentration: Measurements of iron, copper, and zinc","volume":"34","author":"Williams","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2015.09.003","article-title":"Role of nutrition on anemia in elderly","volume":"11","author":"Bianchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-009-0850-3","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and anemia: A cross-sectional study","volume":"89","author":"Sim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeng, S.-S., and Chen, Y.-H. (2022). Association of zinc with anemia. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14224918"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1111\/ijlh.12013","article-title":"Erythrocyte and reticulocyte indices in the assessment of erythropoiesis activity and iron availability","volume":"35","author":"Urrechaga","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Lab. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.155887","article-title":"Laboratory methodologies for indicators of iron status: Strengths, limitations, and analytical challenges","volume":"106","author":"Pfeiffer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u0131l\u0131n\u00e7er, M., and G\u00fcrsoy, E. (2025). Assessing the short-term hematological and pulmonary effects of air pollution: A cross-sectional study in a Turkish urban setting. BMC Public Health, 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-21246-6"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.112932","article-title":"Ambient particulate air pollution, blood cell parameters, and effect modification by psychosocial stress: Findings from two studies in three major Chinese cities","volume":"210","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hwang, J., and Kim, H.-J. (2024). Association of ambient air pollution with hemoglobin levels and anemia in the general population of Korean adults. BMC Public Health, 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-18492-z"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhao, G., Chen, C., Yang, P., Ye, S., and Tan, X. (2016). Difference in leukocyte composition between women before and after menopausal age, and distinct sexual dimorphism. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162953"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sciarra, F., Campolo, F., Franceschini, E., Carlomagno, F., and Venneri, M.A. (2023). Gender-specific impact of sex hormones on the immune system. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24076302"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-553X.2008.01068.x","article-title":"Hematological reference values of healthy Malaysian population","volume":"31","author":"Roshan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Lab. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2257.2006.00883.x","article-title":"Robust, routine haematology reference ranges for healthy adults","volume":"29","author":"Wakeman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Lab. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eller, L.A., Eller, M.A., Ouma, B., Kataaha, P., Kyabaggu, D., Tumusiime, R., Wandege, J., Sanya, R., Sateren, W.B., and Wabwire-Mangen, F. (2008). Reference intervals in healthy adult Ugandan blood donors and their impact on conducting international vaccine trials. PLoS ONE, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003919"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samaneka, W.P., Mandozana, G., Tinago, W., Nhando, N., Mgodi, N.M., Bwakura-Dangarembizi, M.F., Munjoma, M.W., Gomo, Z.A., Chirenje, Z.M., and Hakim, J.G. (2016). Adult hematology and clinical chemistry laboratory reference ranges in a Zimbabwean population. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0165821"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathol.2017.04.003","article-title":"\u2018Aussie Normals\u2019: An a priori study to develop reference intervals in a healthy Australian population using the Beckman Coulter LH 750 Haematology Analyser as candidates for harmonised values","volume":"49","author":"Koerbin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"635","article-title":"Haematological differences in three population groups","volume":"55","author":"Brain","year":"1979","journal-title":"S. Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.49.8.664","article-title":"Ethnic and sex differences in the total and differential white cell count and platelet count","volume":"49","author":"Bain","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ambayya, A., Su, A.T., Osman, N.H., Nik-Samsudin, N.R., Khalid, K., Chang, K.M., Sathar, J., Rajasuriar, J.S., and Yegappan, S. (2014). Haematological reference intervals in a multiethnic population. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0091968"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iac.2015.05.003","article-title":"Eosinophilia in infectious diseases","volume":"35","author":"Nutman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunol. Allergy Clin. North Am."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2016.05.004","article-title":"Eosinophils in helminth infection: Defenders and dupes","volume":"32","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacig.2025.100449","article-title":"Blood eosinophil reference values and determinants in a representative adult population","volume":"4","author":"Abohalaka","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Glob."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.13075\/ijomeh.1896.01528","article-title":"The lagged effect of air pollution on human eosinophils: A distributed lag non-linear model","volume":"33","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Occup. Med. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohd Isa, K.N., Hashim, Z., Jalaludin, J., Lung Than, L.T., and Hashim, J.H. (2020). The effects of indoor pollutants exposure on allergy and lung inflammation: An activation state of neutrophils and eosinophils in sputum. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17155413"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s12288-014-0367-3","article-title":"Macrothrombocytopenia in north India: Role of automated platelet data in the detection of an under diagnosed entity","volume":"31","author":"Kakkar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J. Hematol. Blood Transfus."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S427","DOI":"10.5005\/jaypee-journals-10071-24667.161","article-title":"Comprehensive Analysis of Thrombocytopenia: Etiologies, Clinical Profiles, and Implications in a Tropical Hospital Setting in India","volume":"28","author":"Naikwadi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Indian J. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"117","article-title":"Reference value for serum zinc level of adult population in Bangladesh","volume":"31","author":"Barman","year":"2020","journal-title":"eJIFCC"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra070553","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency","volume":"357","author":"Holick","year":"2007","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/88.2.570S","article-title":"Sun exposure and vitamin D sufficiency","volume":"88","author":"Gilchrest","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/135.2.218","article-title":"Subclinical vitamin D deficiency is increased in adolescent girls who wear concealing clothing","volume":"135","author":"Hatun","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shahudin, N.N., Sameeha, M.J., Mat Ludin, A.F., Manaf, Z.A., Chin, K.-Y., and Jamil, N.A. (2020). Barriers towards sun exposure and strategies to overcome these barriers in female indoor workers with insufficient vitamin D: A qualitative approach. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12102994"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.4161\/derm.24054","article-title":"Vitamin D status and sun exposure in Southeast Asia","volume":"5","author":"Nimitphong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Derm.-Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s44187-025-00512-5","article-title":"Food fortification as a sustainable global strategy to mitigate micronutrient deficiencies and improve public health","volume":"5","author":"Ashraf","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Food"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2013.807419","article-title":"Vitamin D status in South Asian populations\u2013risks and opportunities","volume":"56","author":"Akhtar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"nzz112","DOI":"10.1093\/cdn\/nzz112","article-title":"Determinants of Vitamin D Status of Women of Reproductive Age in Dhaka, Bangladesh: Insights from Husband\u2013Wife Comparisons","volume":"3","author":"Jeong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Dev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-022-03208-3","article-title":"Vitamin D in the older population: A consensus statement","volume":"79","author":"Giustina","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"313","article-title":"The problems of vitamin d insufficiency in older people","volume":"3","author":"Boucher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aging Dis."}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/16\/7\/968\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T04:32:20Z","timestamp":1783657940000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/16\/7\/968"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["biom16070968"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom16070968","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-273X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]}}}