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Initially recognized in altitude studies, HPC has since been linked to broad protective effects, particularly in the protection of ischemia\/hypoxia. This article highlights the biological rationale, potential mechanisms and applications, while addressing the challenges of clinical translation. As a form of endogenous adaptation, HPC offers a promising paradigm for preventive and therapeutic strategies across various diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom16070976","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T15:52:24Z","timestamp":1783007544000},"page":"976","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hypoxic Preconditioning: An Underestimated Endogenous Protective Strategy?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3503-7311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinqiao","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4230-784X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Changhong","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7679-8552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tariq","family":"Kermalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuchuan","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0527-2852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xunming","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China"},{"name":"Neuro Cardio Vascular Diseases Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China"},{"name":"Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China"},{"name":"Clinical Center for Combined Heart and Brain Disease, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guowei","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8329-1186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sijie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China"},{"name":"Neuro Cardio Vascular Diseases Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China"},{"name":"Clinical Center for Combined Heart and Brain Disease, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choudhery, M.S. 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