{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T17:14:12Z","timestamp":1783617252227,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":149,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002767","name":"Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025JJ50658"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025JJ50658"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002767","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic heart failure [CHF] is a progressive clinical syndrome characterized by structural and functional impairment of the myocardium, in which energy metabolic remodeling plays a central role. Increasing evidence suggests that metabolic disturbances in CHF are not only a consequence of reduced cardiac output but also active regulators of epigenetic remodeling, thereby contributing to disease progression. Key metabolites, including \u03b1-ketoglutarate, acetyl-CoA, NAD+, S-adenosylmethionine, succinate, and 2-hydroxyglutarate, influence the activity of DNA methyltransferases, histone-modifying enzymes, and other chromatin regulators, thereby linking metabolic status to transcriptional control. Through these mechanisms, metabolic abnormalities promote persistent activation of pathological gene programs associated with cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, fibrosis, inflammation, apoptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction, forming a self-reinforcing metabolic\u2013epigenetic feedback loop in CHF. Although current guideline-directed medical therapies improve symptoms and clinical outcomes, they do not directly target this metabolic\u2013epigenetic axis. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), including bioactive compounds, herbal formulas, patent medicines, and injections, has demonstrated potential in preclinical studies to modulate myocardial energy metabolism, improve mitochondrial function, and influence epigenetic regulators such as SIRT1, AMPK, and TET\/JmjC-dependent pathways. However, most available evidence is derived from experimental models, and causal relationships between metabolite regulation, epigenetic remodeling, and cardiac functional improvement remain insufficiently validated. This review summarizes current knowledge on metabolite-driven epigenetic regulation in CHF and evaluates emerging evidence on the role of TCM in modulating this network. We also critically discuss key limitations, including reliance on non-clinical models, incomplete pharmacokinetic understanding, and insufficient causal validation. Finally, we propose future directions based on multi-omics integration, single-cell and spatial technologies, and systems biology approaches to facilitate mechanistic clarification and translational development of metabolism-targeted strategies for CHF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom16070989","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T14:56:42Z","timestamp":1783349802000},"page":"989","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention Based on Metabolic\u2013Epigenetic Axis: Mechanism and Treatment Strategy of Chronic Heart Failure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5395-5483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji-Chao","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia-Ming","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Diagnostics, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ru-Fei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0876-2205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8684-9308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ya","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"101481","article-title":"Therapeutic novelties in acute heart failure and practical perspectives","volume":"44","author":"Deniau","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anaesth. Crit. Care Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ventoulis, I., Kamperidis, V., Abraham, M.R., Abraham, T., Boultadakis, A., Tsioukras, E., Katsiana, A., Georgiou, K., Parissis, J., and Polyzogopoulou, E. (2024). Differences in Health-Related Quality of Life among Patients with Heart Failure. Medicina, 60.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60010109"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-024-01046-6","article-title":"Global epidemiology of heart failure","volume":"21","author":"Khan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.19373","article-title":"Growing Heart Failure Burden of Hypertensive Heart Disease: A Call to Action","volume":"80","author":"Butler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-020-09987-z","article-title":"Pathogenesis of chronic heart failure: Cardiovascular aging, risk factors, comorbidities, and disease modifiers","volume":"27","author":"Triposkiadis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heart Fail. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.15172","article-title":"Implementation of Guideline-Directed Medical Therapy in Patients with Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (OpTIMa-HF Registry)","volume":"12","author":"Paolillo","year":"2025","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.15193","article-title":"Guideline-Directed Medical Therapy Rates in Heart Failure Patients witH Reduced Ejection Fraction in a Diverse Cohort","volume":"12","author":"Berry","year":"2025","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paraskevaidis, I., Kourek, C., Farmakis, D., and Tsougos, E. (2024). Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Cardiac Disease: The Fort Fell. Biomolecules, 14.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202410.0940.v1"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1007\/s12265-025-10678-z","article-title":"Reprogramming of mitochondrial and cellular energy metabolism in fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes: Mechanisms and therapeutic strategies in cardiac fibrosis","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2307563","article-title":"Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Obesity without Diabetes","volume":"389","author":"Lincoff","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2306963","article-title":"Semaglutide in Patients with Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction and Obesity","volume":"389","author":"Kosiborod","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2410027","article-title":"Tirzepatide for Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction and Obesity","volume":"392","author":"Packer","year":"2025","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2309000","article-title":"A phase 3, randomized, controlled trial of resmetirom in NASH with liver fibrosis","volume":"390","author":"Harrison","year":"2024","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/s44324-024-00047-w","article-title":"Regulation of gene expression through protein-metabolite interactions","volume":"3","author":"Hornisch","year":"2025","journal-title":"npj Metab. Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e495","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.495","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation in cancer","volume":"5","author":"Gu","year":"2024","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ji, J., Jing, A., Geng, T., Ma, X., Liu, W., and Liu, B. (2023). Protein modifications in epigenetic dysfunctional diseases: Mechanisms and potential therapeutic strategies. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1216637"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Souza, A.P., Marinho, V., and Marques, M.R. (2025). The Fundamental Role of Nutrients for Metabolic Balance and Epigenome Integrity Maintenance. Epigenomes, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/epigenomes9030023"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2022.102418","article-title":"Multi-OMICs analysis reveals metabolic and epigenetic changes associated with macrophage polarization","volume":"298","author":"Sowers","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e012776","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.012776","article-title":"Traditional Chinese Medicine Use in the Treatment of Acute Heart Failure in Western Medicine Hospitals in China: Analysis From the China PEACE Retrospective Heart Failure Study","volume":"8","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.05.035","article-title":"A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group, Placebo-Controlled Study of the Effects of Qili Qiangxin Capsules in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure","volume":"62","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e21950","article-title":"Qili Qiangxin (QLQX) capsule as a multi-functional traditional Chinese medicine in treating chronic heart failure (CHF): A review of ingredients, molecular, cellular, and pharmacological mechanisms","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03169-2","article-title":"The traditional Chinese medicine Qiliqiangxin in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"30","author":"Cheang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Chen, X., Wang, Y., He, X., Li, L., Wang, X., Huang, Y., Fan, G., and Ni, J. (2024). Astragaloside IV alleviates inflammation and improves myocardial metabolism in heart failure mice with preserved ejection fraction. Front. Pharmacol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1467132"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202200730","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202200730","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rg1 Protects against Cardiac Remodeling in Heart Failure via SIRT1\/PINK1\/Parkin-Mediated Mitophagy","volume":"20","author":"Guan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.124.323800","article-title":"Mitochondrial Structure and Function in Human Heart Failure","volume":"135","author":"Hinton","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13668-3","article-title":"Mitochondrial TCA cycle metabolites control physiology and disease","volume":"11","author":"Chandel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Chen, C., Wang, X., Sun, Y., Zhang, J., Chen, J., and Shi, Y. (2022). An Epigenetic Role of Mitochondria in Cancer. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11162518"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01055-2","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation in cardiovascular disease: Mechanisms and advances in clinical trials","volume":"7","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2023.147487","article-title":"Mechanisms of human DNA methylation, alteration of methylation patterns in physiological processes and oncology","volume":"875","author":"Sergeeva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-025-01876-2","article-title":"Integrative DNA methylome and transcriptome analysis identify potential genes on the influence of dilated cardiomyopathy-associated heart failure","volume":"17","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenet."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2021.06.011","article-title":"Function of histone methylation and acetylation modifiers in cardiac hypertrophy","volume":"159","author":"Qin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e60311","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.60311","article-title":"Acetyl-CoA production by specific metabolites promotes cardiac repair after myocardial infarction via histone acetylation","volume":"10","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1038\/s44161-024-00531-y","article-title":"\u03b1-Ketoglutarate promotes cardiomyocyte proliferation and heart regeneration after myocardial infarction","volume":"3","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2015.10.030","article-title":"Metabolic control of methylation and acetylation","volume":"30","author":"Su","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.110095","article-title":"Stage-specific regulation of DNA methylation by TET enzymes during human cardiac differentiation","volume":"37","author":"Lan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1080\/17501911.2025.2467024","article-title":"Stage-specific DNA methylation dynamics in mammalian heart development","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Epigenomics"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s11897-022-00539-0","article-title":"Mitochondria as Therapeutic Targets in Heart Failure","volume":"19","author":"Schwemmlein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Heart Fail. Rep."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, L., Qin, Y., Liu, B., Gao, M., Li, A., Li, X., and Gong, G. (2022). PGC-1\u03b1-Mediated Mitochondrial Quality Control: Molecular Mechanisms and Implications for Heart Failure. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.871357"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boovarahan, S.R., AlAsmari, A.F., Ali, N., Khan, R., and Kurian, G.A. (2022). Targeting DNA methylation can reduce cardiac injury associated with ischemia reperfusion: One step closer to clinical translation with blood-borne assessment. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.1021909"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-024-00783-1","article-title":"\u03b1-Ketoglutarate improves cardiac insufficiency through NAD+-SIRT1 signaling-mediated mitophagy and ferroptosis in pressure overload-induced mice","volume":"30","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bradshaw, P.C. (2021). Acetyl-CoA Metabolism and Histone Acetylation in the Regulation of Aging and Lifespan. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10040572"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e52774","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.202152774","article-title":"Histone acylations and chromatin dynamics: Concepts, challenges, and links to metabolism","volume":"22","author":"Nitsch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Embo Rep."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2020.11.016","article-title":"Mitochondria signaling to the epigenome: A novel role for an old organelle","volume":"170","author":"Santos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, H., Zhao, X., Yun, Y., Gao, Y., Bo, C., Song, L., Bai, C., Yang, L., Li, G., and Su, G. (2025). Regulation of Mitochondrial Metabolism by Mfn1 Gene Encoding Mitofusin Affects Cellular Proliferation and Histone Modification. Cells, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14131015"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagrm.2022.194898","article-title":"Metabolic substrates, histone modifications, and heart failure","volume":"1866","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Gene Regul. Mech."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"e84897","article-title":"Mitochondrial protein hyperacetylation in the failing heart","volume":"2","author":"Horton","year":"2016","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-025-07525-z","article-title":"Unraveling the metabolic\u2013epigenetic nexus: A new frontier in cardiovascular disease treatment","volume":"16","author":"Ouyang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, F., Zhao, H., Luo, L., and Wu, W. (2025). Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Supplementation to Alleviate Heart Failure: A Mitochondrial Dysfunction Perspective. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17111855"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01257-8","article-title":"The sirtuin family in health and disease","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dinislam, K., Khoso, M.A., Kataev, V.A., Meshcheryakova, S., Liu, H., Liu, L., Guo, M., Wang, S., Lou, H., and Zhang, Y. (2026). SIRT1: The first key to unlocking the mystery of cardiovascular diseases. Front. Pharmacol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1668718"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-022-00695-0","article-title":"The loss of cardiac SIRT3 decreases metabolic flexibility and proteostasis in an age-dependent manner","volume":"45","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"GeroScience"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.89370","article-title":"NAD+\u2014A Hub of Energy Metabolism in Heart Failure","volume":"21","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2024.07.008","article-title":"NAD metabolism and heart failure: Mechanisms and therapeutic potentials","volume":"195","author":"Walker","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"2620","article-title":"S-adenosylmethionine addiction confers sensitivity to methionine restriction in KMT2A-rearranged acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"110","author":"Tee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2019.101322","article-title":"Homocysteine-methionine cycle is a metabolic sensor system controlling methylation-regulated pathological signaling","volume":"28","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurhaluk, N. (2024). Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Intermediates and Individual Ageing. Biomolecules, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14030260"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karimian, A., Vogelauer, M., and Kurdistani, S.K. (2023). Metabolic sinkholes: Histones as methyl repositories. PLoS Biol., 21.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3002371"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8590","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26178590","article-title":"Phospho-switch: Regulation of the activity of SAM-dependent methyltransferases using H-phosphinic SAM analogue","volume":"26","author":"Filonov","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s13105-021-00797-x","article-title":"Associations of methyl donor and methylation inhibitor levels during anti-oxidant therapy in heart failure","volume":"77","author":"Joseph","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202302333","DOI":"10.26508\/lsa.202302333","article-title":"2-Hydroxyglutarate modulates histone methylation at specific loci and alters gene expression via Rph1 inhibition","volume":"7","author":"Gavriil","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life Sci. Alliance"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-023-01015-z","article-title":"Succinate dehydrogenase is essential for epigenetic and metabolic homeostasis in hearts","volume":"118","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Basic Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ho, J.S.Y., Jou, E., Khong, P.-L., Foo, R.S.Y., and Sia, C.-H. (2024). Epigenetics in Heart Failure. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252212010"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2021.154915","article-title":"Tricarboxylic acid cycle related-metabolites and risk of atrial fibrillation and heart failure","volume":"125","author":"Papandreou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, C., Wang, Z., and Qin, Y. (2022). Connections between metabolism and epigenetics: Mechanisms and novel anti-cancer strategy. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.935536"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.4162\/nrp.2023.17.4.597","article-title":"Modulation of DNA methylation by one-carbon metabolism: A milestone for healthy aging","volume":"17","author":"Choi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-025-01189-9","article-title":"Salvianolic acid B and Senkyunolide I synergistically alleviate cardiac hypertrophy and regulate MAP3K1 signaling","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-023-00859-w","article-title":"Salvianolic acid B promotes angiogenesis and inhibits cardiomyocyte apoptosis by regulating autophagy in myocardial ischemia","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2018.12.040","article-title":"Cardioprotection of salvianolic acid B and ginsenoside Rg1 combination on subacute myocardial infarction and the underlying mechanism","volume":"57","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calvert, J., Deng, Y., Yang, M., Xu, F., Zhang, Q., Zhao, Q., Yu, H., Li, D., Zhang, G., and Lu, A. (2015). Combined Salvianolic Acid B and Ginsenoside Rg1 Exerts Cardioprotection against Ischemia\/Reperfusion Injury in Rats. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135435"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.317046","article-title":"NAD+ repletion reverses heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"128","author":"Tong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2139","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.97530","article-title":"Nicotinamide Riboside-Driven Modulation of SIRT3\/mtROS\/JNK Signaling Pathways Alleviates Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28975","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-14349-6","article-title":"NMN improves cardiac function in SIRT3 knockout mice via the SIRT1\/PGC-1\u03b1 pathway","volume":"15","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, M., Bai, Y., Sun, X., Fu, R., Liu, L., Liu, M., Li, Z., and Huang, X. (2022). Resveratrol Reestablishes Mitochondrial Quality Control in Myocardial Ischemia\/Reperfusion Injury through Sirt1\/Sirt3-Mfn2-Parkin-PGC-1\u03b1 Pathway. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27175545"},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"e91045","article-title":"Resveratrol Differentially Regulates NAMPT and SIRT1 in Hepatocarcinoma Cells and Primary Human Hepatocytes","volume":"9","author":"Schuster","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Metab."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3075","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.17874","article-title":"Resveratrol inhibits ferroptosis and decelerates heart failure progression via Sirt1\/p53 pathway activation","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Zhang, S., Tang, F., Yang, Y., Lu, M., Luan, A., Zhang, J., Yang, J., and Wang, H. (2015). Astragaloside IV Protects against Isoproterenol-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy by Regulating NF-\u03baB\/PGC-1\u03b1 Signaling Mediated Energy Biosynthesis. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0118759"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2025.02.003","article-title":"Roles and mechanisms of ginsenoside Rg1 in coronary artery disease: Progress and perspectives","volume":"49","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.0c10836","article-title":"A SIRT1 Activator, Ginsenoside Rc, Promotes Energy Metabolism in Cardiomyocytes and Neurons","volume":"143","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, L., Lu, H., Wang, Z., Liu, C., Xiao, Y., Guo, Z., and Li, Y. (2023). Therapeutic Potential of Ginsenoside Rb1-PLGA Nanoparticles for Heart Failure Treatment via the ROS\/PPAR\u03b1\/PGC1\u03b1 Pathway. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28248118"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2024.117072","article-title":"Salvianolic acid B improves mitochondrial dysfunction of septic cardiomyopathy via enhancing ATF5-mediated mitochondrial unfolded protein response","volume":"491","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5199","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2020.11589","article-title":"Salvianolic acid B alleviates myocardial ischemic injury by promoting mitophagy and inhibiting activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome","volume":"22","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.05.013","article-title":"Of Mice and Men: NAD+ Boosting with Niacin Provides Hope for Mitochondrial Myopathy Patients","volume":"31","author":"Chini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.02.022","article-title":"Creating collaboration by breaking down scientific barriers","volume":"184","author":"Fabius","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, J., Yan, S., Jiang, X., Su, Z., Zhang, F., Xie, J., Hao, E., and Yao, C. (2024). Advances in pharmacological effects and mechanism of action of cinnamaldehyde. Front. Pharmacol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1365949"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung, I., Kim, H., Moon, S., Lee, H., and Kim, B. (2020). Overview of Salvia miltiorrhiza as a Potential Therapeutic Agent for Various Diseases: An Update on Efficacy and Mechanisms of Action. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9090857"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X26500333","article-title":"Cinnamaldehyde Ameliorates Ischemic Heart Failure by Targeting USP18 to Inhibit \u03b21-Adrenergic Receptor Ubiquitination and Suppress TAK1\/NF-\u03baB Signaling Pathway","volume":"54","author":"Chen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Am. J. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2025.106880","article-title":"Descurainia sophia L. and Lepidium apetalum Willd.: A comprehensive review of botany, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, actual and potential applications","volume":"187","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S448140","article-title":"Network and Experimental Pharmacology on Mechanism of Yixintai Regulates the TMAO\/PKC\/NF-\u03baB Signaling Pathway in Treating Heart Failure","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2020.109315","article-title":"Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of hesperidin methyl chalcone in experimental ulcerative colitis","volume":"333","author":"Guazelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4929","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867324666170718104412","article-title":"Potential Anti-inflammatory Effects of Hesperidin from the Genus Citrus","volume":"25","author":"Tejada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1080\/08923973.2020.1814806","article-title":"Interferon gamma\/interleukin-4 modulation, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of hesperidin in complete Freund\u2019s adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis model of rats","volume":"42","author":"Adefegha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14576","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-96695-z","article-title":"Microbial metabolites associated in stool and left ventricle of heart failure patients revealed by meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Wissel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2023.106957","article-title":"SIRT1 is a regulator of autophagy: Implications for the progression and treatment of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion","volume":"199","author":"Ding","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong, W., Li, Y., Zhong, H., Cheng, Y., Chen, Q., Zhao, X., Liu, Z., Li, R., and Zhang, R. (2023). Exploring the mechanism of anti-chronic heart failure effect of qiweiqiangxin I granules based on metabolomics. Front. Pharmacol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1111007"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.155390","article-title":"Mitigation of myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion-induced chronic heart failure via Shexiang Baoxin Pill-mediated regulation of the S1PR1 signaling pathway","volume":"128","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, S., Liu, H., Fang, Q., He, H., Lu, X., Wang, Y., and Fan, X. (2021). Shexiang Tongxin Dropping Pill Protects Against Chronic Heart Failure in Mice via Inhibiting the ERK\/MAPK and TGF-\u03b2 Signaling Pathways. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.796354"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112227","article-title":"A network pharmacology approach to discover action mechanisms of Yangxinshi Tablet for improving energy metabolism in chronic ischemic heart failure","volume":"246","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6105","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-63090-9","article-title":"Qi Dan Li Xin pill improves chronic heart failure by regulating mTOR\/p70S6k-mediated autophagy and inhibiting apoptosis","volume":"10","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112261","article-title":"Xinshuitong Capsule extract attenuates doxorubicin-induced myocardial edema via regulation of cardiac aquaporins in the chronic heart failure rats","volume":"144","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154722","article-title":"XinLi formula, a traditional Chinese decoction, alleviates chronic heart failure via regulating the interaction of AGTR1 and AQP1","volume":"113","author":"Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118110","article-title":"Kidney-tonifying blood-activating decoction delays ventricular remodeling in rats with chronic heart failure by regulating gut microbiota and metabolites and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase\/p65 nuclear factor kappa-B\/aquaporin-4 signaling pathway","volume":"330","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Zhu, Y., Zhao, X., Zhao, L., Wang, Y., and Yang, Z. (2022). Screening of anti-heart failure active compounds from fangjihuangqi decoction in verapamil-induced zebrafish model by anti-heart failure index approach. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.999950"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118685","article-title":"Jin-Xin-Kang alleviates heart failure by mitigating mitochondrial dysfunction through the Calcineurin\/Dynamin-Related Protein 1 signaling pathway","volume":"335","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2021.106608","article-title":"Shengmai Yin formula exerts cardioprotective effects on rats with chronic heart failure via regulating Linoleic Acid metabolism","volume":"158","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, S., Shi, Q., Ge, Z., Liu, Y., Cao, Y., Yang, Y., Zhao, Z., Bi, Y., Hou, Y., and Wang, S. (2021). Efficacy and Safety of Traditional Chinese Medicine Injections for Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction: A Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.659707"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S.-M., Ye, L.-F., and Wang, L.-H. (2020). Shenmai Injection Improves Energy Metabolism in Patients With Heart Failure: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Front. Pharmacol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00459"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Y., Li, T., Li, P., Peng, H., Gao, A., Wang, J., Zhu, H., and Wang, X. (2024). Effects of Shenmai injection against chronic heart failure: A meta-analysis and systematic review of preclinical and clinical studies. Front. Pharmacol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1338975"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1097\/HCO.0000000000001150","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation of heart failure","volume":"39","author":"Deogharia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oka, S.-I., Sabry, A.D., Cawley, K.M., and Warren, J.S. (2020). Multiple Levels of PGC-1\u03b1 Dysregulation in Heart Failure. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2020.00002"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, Y., Li, Y., Xie, Y., Bu, J., Yuan, R., and Zhang, X. (2024). Exploring Sirtuins: New Frontiers in Managing Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25147740"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e38648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e38648","article-title":"Shenmai injection improves lipid metabolism in post-myocardial infarction heart failure based on network pharmacology and experimental validation","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Y., Liu, Y., Wang, Y., Chao, Y., Zhang, J., Jia, Y., Tie, J., and Hu, D. (2022). Regulation of SIRT1 and Its Roles in Inflammation. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.831168"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.109538","article-title":"Danhong injection enhances angiogenesis after myocardial infarction by activating MiR-126\/ERK\/VEGF pathway","volume":"120","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116367","article-title":"Guanxining injection alleviates fibrosis in heart failure mice and regulates SLC7A11\/GPX4 axis","volume":"310","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, F.-F., Xie, X.-F., Hu, H.-Y., Tong, R.-S., and Peng, C. (2024). Shenfu injection: A review of pharmacological effects on cardiovascular diseases. Front. Pharmacol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1279584"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42770","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-27065-y","article-title":"Astragalus membranaceus injection activates mitophagy and protects mitochondrial function in chronic heart failure via inhibiting AKT\/mTOR pathway","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, A., Zhao, W., Yan, K., Huang, P., Zhang, H., Zhang, Z., Zhang, D., and Ma, X. (2022). Mechanisms and Efficacy of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Heart Failure. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.810587"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.31083\/j.rcm2302060","article-title":"Natural products from traditional Chinese medicine for the prevention and treatment of heart failure: Progress and perspectives","volume":"23","author":"Zhong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2022.11.014","article-title":"Sirtuin 1 aggravates hypertrophic heart failure caused by pressure overload via shifting energy metabolism","volume":"637","author":"Zoungrana","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Funamoto, M., Sunagawa, Y., Katanasaka, Y., Shimizu, K., Miyazaki, Y., Sari, N., Shimizu, S., Mori, K., Wada, H., and Hasegawa, K. (2021). Histone Acetylation Domains Are Differentially Induced during Development of Heart Failure in Dahl Salt-Sensitive Rats. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22041771"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1177\/1742271X20987584","article-title":"Intraventricular pressure gradients change during the development of left ventricular hypertrophy: Effect of salvianolic acid B and beta-blocker","volume":"29","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.155645","article-title":"Integrated pharmacokinetic properties and tissue distribution of multiple active constituents in Qing-Yi Recipe: A comparison between granules and decoction","volume":"129","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116212","article-title":"A comprehensive perspective on the disposition, metabolism, and pharmacokinetics of representative multi-components of Dengzhan Shengmai in rats with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion after oral administration","volume":"307","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2019.04.001","article-title":"In vivo metabolic profiles of Bu-Zhong-Yi-Qi-Tang, a famous traditional Chinese medicine prescription, in rats by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"171","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2022.12822","article-title":"Puerarin attenuates isoproterenol-induced myocardial hypertrophy via inhibition of the Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling pathway","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-020-0401-y","article-title":"Puerarin ameliorated pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy in ovariectomized rats through activation of the PPAR\u03b1\/PGC-1 pathway","volume":"42","author":"Hou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ponzoni, M., Coles, J.G., and Maynes, J.T. (2023). Rodent Models of Dilated Cardiomyopathy and Heart Failure for Translational Investigations and Therapeutic Discovery. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043162"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.15031","article-title":"Comparison of Mouse Models of Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction","volume":"12","author":"Sayour","year":"2025","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.21037\/cdt-20-302","article-title":"Pathophysiology of heart failure","volume":"11","author":"Schwinger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diagn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pavlovi\u0107, N., Todorovi\u0107, P., Maglica, M., Kumri\u0107, M., Vukojevi\u0107, K., Pogoreli\u0107, Z., and Bo\u017ei\u0107, J. (2025). Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Cardiomyopathy and Heart Failure: From Energetic Collapse to Therapeutic Opportunity. Biomolecules, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15111572"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-84515-9","article-title":"Two-hit mouse model of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction combining diet-induced obesity and renin-mediated hypertension","volume":"15","author":"Berger","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/s43044-024-00568-1","article-title":"Exploring in vivo and in vitro models for heart failure with biomarker insights: A review","volume":"76","author":"Prajapati","year":"2024","journal-title":"Egypt. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3027","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-30682-0","article-title":"Mapping the cardiac vascular niche in heart failure","volume":"13","author":"Peisker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2023.01.049","article-title":"Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"81","author":"Borlaug","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robinson, E.L., Ameri, P., Delrue, L., Vanderheyden, M., Bartunek, J., Altieri, P., Heymans, S., and Heggermont, W.A. (2023). Differential expression of epigenetic modifiers in early and late cardiotoxic heart failure reveals DNA methylation as a key regulator of cardiotoxicity. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.884174"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115919","article-title":"Berberine inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation by upregulating the SIRT6-AMPK pathway to prevent angiotensin II-induced fibrosis and vulnerability to atrial fibrillation","volume":"168","author":"Zhou","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karlstaedt, A. (2021). Stable Isotopes for Tracing Cardiac Metabolism in Diseases. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.734364"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.314522","article-title":"CRISPR-mediated activation of endogenous gene expression in the postnatal heart","volume":"126","author":"Schoger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104824","article-title":"The interactions between gut microbiota and bioactive ingredients of traditional Chinese medicines: A review","volume":"157","author":"Gong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2020.04.011","article-title":"Large Animal Models of Heart Failure","volume":"5","author":"Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Basic Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.122.320246","article-title":"Large and Small Animal Models of Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction","volume":"130","author":"Pilz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/s44161-022-00028-6","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptomics reveals cell-type-specific diversification in human heart failure","volume":"1","author":"Koenig","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-019-0446-7","article-title":"Single-cell reconstruction of the adult human heart during heart failure and recovery reveals the cellular landscape underlying cardiac function","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3098","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaf272","article-title":"Spatial transcriptional landscape of human heart failure","volume":"46","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-023-00580-2","article-title":"Methods and applications for single-cell and spatial multi-omics","volume":"24","author":"Vandereyken","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-024-01186-2","article-title":"Advances in single-cell omics and multiomics for high-resolution molecular profiling","volume":"56","author":"Lim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-024-01282-y","article-title":"Spatial multi-omics: Novel tools to study the complexity of cardiovascular diseases","volume":"16","author":"Kiessling","year":"2024","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"ref_148","first-page":"323","article-title":"Network pharmacology approaches for research of Traditional Chinese Medicines","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Liu, X., Zhou, J., Li, F., Wang, Y., and Liu, Q. (2025). Artificial intelligence in traditional Chinese medicine: Advances in multi-metabolite multi-target interaction modeling. Front. Pharmacol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1541509"}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/16\/7\/989\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T16:30:28Z","timestamp":1783614628000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/16\/7\/989"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"references-count":149,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["biom16070989"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom16070989","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-273X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]}}}