{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T16:17:57Z","timestamp":1783354677410,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the widespread application of microwave technology in communication and medical fields, concerns regarding its biosafety, particularly the effects on the central nervous system, have increased. The brain is considered a sensitive target organ for microwave radiation; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying microwave-induced cognitive impairment remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of 4.3 GHz microwave radiation at different power densities on spatial learning and memory in mice, and to identify key molecular changes in the hippocampus associated with cognitive impairment. Mice (male, C57BL\/6N) were exposed to 4.3 GHz microwave radiation at power densities of 10 or 30 mW\/cm2 for 30 min. Spatial learning and memory abilities were assessed using the Morris water maze (MWM). The hippocampal structure was assessed by HE staining at multiple time points following microwave exposure. Integrated RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) and 4D-data-independent acquisition (4D-DIA) analyses of the hippocampus were performed at 6 h after microwave exposure, and differentially expressed molecules were selected and validated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and parallel reaction monitoring (PRM). The 4.3 GHz microwave exposure significantly prolonged escape latency in the MWM, indicating impaired spatial learning or navigation ability. Histological examination revealed transient neuronal damage in the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions. Multi-omics analysis and subsequent validation revealed molecular alterations. Following microwave radiation, the expression of synaptic plasticity-related genes Arc and Ebf3 was significantly upregulated. At the protein level, significant downregulation was observed for Protein sidekick-2 and IQGAP1, while WNK3 was significantly upregulated. In summary, 4.3 GHz microwave exposure impaired spatial learning or navigation ability, accompanied by structural damage in the hippocampus and molecular alterations in synaptic plasticity-related pathways. Arc, Ebf3, Protein sidekick-2, WNK3, and IQGAP1 might serve as candidate molecules for understanding and mitigating microwave-induced cognitive deficits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom16070990","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T14:56:42Z","timestamp":1783349802000},"page":"990","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sensitive Molecules Involved in Spatial Learning and Memory Impairment of Mice Induced by 4.3 GHz Microwave Radiation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Tingting","family":"Qian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjing","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lequan","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6677-3941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruiyun","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mumtaz, S., Rana, J.N., Choi, E.H., and Han, I. 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