{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:45Z","timestamp":1789084845910,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factor is a regulatory dimeric transcription factor complex, that responds to a wide range of intracellular and extracellular stimuli and controls gene expression involved in tumor initiation and progression. Comprised primarily of members of Jun and Fos protein subfamilies, AP-1 is activated downstream of major oncogenic signaling pathways such as the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and controls cellular processes including differentiation, invasion, proliferation and apoptosis. In various cancer types, AP-1 contributes to tumor growth by promoting tumor-like phenotypes and facilitating metastatic behavior. Furthermore, AP-1 can affect the tumor microenvironment by modulating inflammation and interaction with immune cells. AP-1 deregulation is linked to tumor heterogeneity and resistance to chemotherapy and radiation. Therefore, AP-1 has emerged as a potential therapeutic target. In preclinical models, direct and indirect targeting via upstream pathways of AP-1 components has demonstrated encouraging results. In addition, combinatorial approaches targeting AP-1 and other regulators may improve the effectiveness of treatment and overcome therapy resistance. In this review, we highlight the AP-1\u2019s role as a critical hub in tumorigenesis that links oncogenic signaling to transcriptional regulation. We also focus on its regulation, function in the tumor microenvironment, and therapeutic potential in combating tumors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom16071048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:47:32Z","timestamp":1784508452000},"page":"1048","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Role of AP-1 in Cancer: Regulation, Tumor Microenvironment and Therapeutic Targeting"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Maria A.","family":"Katsianou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Vrachas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6323-4216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christos","family":"Adamopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1209","article-title":"AP-1: A Double-Edged Sword in Tumorigenesis","volume":"3","author":"Eferl","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102397","article-title":"AP-1 Transcription Factors in Cytotoxic Lymphocyte Development and Antitumor Immunity","volume":"85","author":"Schnoegl","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jafri, Z., Li, Y., Zhang, J., O\u2019Meara, C.H., and Khachigian, L.M. (2025). Jun, an Oncological Foe or Friend?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26020555"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2018.04.009","article-title":"AP-1 Takes Centre Stage in Enhancer Chromatin Dynamics","volume":"28","author":"Madrigal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20110630","article-title":"The roles of ATF2 (activating transcription factor 2) in tumorigenesis","volume":"40","author":"Gozdecka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"477","article-title":"EGF-R Is Expressed and AP-1 and NF-KappaB Are Activated in Stromal Myofibroblasts Surrounding Colon Adenocarcinomas Paralleling Expression of COX-2 and VEGF","volume":"29","author":"Konstantinopoulos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atsaves, V., Leventaki, V., Rassidakis, G.Z., and Claret, F.X. (2019). AP-1 Transcription Factors as Regulators of Immune Responses in Cancer. Cancers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11071037"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2010.03.018","article-title":"Colon Carcinogenesis: Learning from NF-\u03baB and AP-1","volume":"42","author":"Vaiopoulos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3983","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-13-3396","article-title":"Genome-Wide Profiling of AP-1-Regulated Transcription Provides Insights into the Invasiveness of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer","volume":"74","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6964","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.25.16.6964-6979.2005","article-title":"Down-Regulation of c-Fos\/c-Jun AP-1 Dimer Activity by Sumoylation","volume":"25","author":"Bossis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2017.01.019","article-title":"AP-1 Expression and Its Clinical Relevance in Immune Disorders and Cancer","volume":"353","author":"Azar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3556","DOI":"10.21037\/tcr-23-2300","article-title":"Stratifying Osteosarcoma Patients Using an Epigenetic Modification-Related Prognostic Signature: Implications for Immunotherapy and Chemotherapy Selection","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transl. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-024-03161-1","article-title":"Two-Polarized Roles of Transcription Factor FOSB in Lung Cancer Progression and Prognosis: Dependent on P53 Status","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s10637-020-01007-z","article-title":"Importin \u03921 Regulates Cell Growth and Survival during Adult T Cell Leukemia\/Lymphoma Therapy","volume":"39","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Investig. New Drugs"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Razavirad, A., Gao, H., Ghiasvand, R., Zhao, C., Zendehdel, K., and Dahlman-Wright, K. (2013). Expression of Activator Protein-1 (AP-1) Family Members in Breast Cancer. BMC Cancer, 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-13-441"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26790","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-07393-9","article-title":"The AP-1 Factor JUNB Correlates with Poor Survival of Patients with Esophageal Adenocarcinoma","volume":"15","author":"Schleussner","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-023-01248-4","article-title":"Role of Fra-2 in Cancer","volume":"31","author":"Capece","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-025-01783-1","article-title":"Advances in the Relationship between AP-1 and Tumorigenesis, Development and Therapy Resistance","volume":"16","author":"Xue","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braicu, C., Buse, M., Busuioc, C., Drula, R., Gulei, D., Raduly, L., Rusu, A., Irimie, A., Atanasov, A.G., and Slaby, O. (2019). A Comprehensive Review on MAPK: A Promising Therapeutic Target in Cancer. Cancers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11101618"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2206","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6602655","article-title":"Expression and Prognostic Relevance of Activated Extracellular-Regulated Kinases (ERK1\/2) in Breast Cancer","volume":"92","author":"Bamberger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, D., Lian, Y., and Zhang, L. (2023). The Potential of Activator Protein 1 (AP-1) in Cancer Targeted Therapy. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1224892"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2017.11.026","article-title":"AP-1 Transcription Factors and the BAF Complex Mediate Signal-Dependent Enhancer Selection","volume":"68","author":"Vierbuchen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, E., Ahuja, A., Kim, M.Y., and Cho, J.Y. (2021). DNA or Protein Methylation-Dependent Regulation of Activator Protein-1 Function. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10020461"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2023.06.037","article-title":"The Role of Proteasomes in Tumorigenesis","volume":"11","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Genes Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1007\/s10142-025-01582-5","article-title":"DUBR Non-Coding RNA Regulates Gene Expression by Affecting AP-1 Enhancer Accessibility","volume":"25","author":"Hall","year":"2025","journal-title":"Funct. Integr. Genom."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb3216","article-title":"Genome-Wide Association between YAP\/TAZ\/TEAD and AP-1 at Enhancers Drives Oncogenic Growth","volume":"17","author":"Zanconato","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.331546.119","article-title":"Induction of AP-1 by YAP\/TAZ Contributes to Cell Proliferation and Organ Growth","volume":"34","author":"Koo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R21","DOI":"10.1186\/bcr2833","article-title":"Preclinical Modeling of Combined Phosphatidylinositol-3-Kinase Inhibition with Endocrine Therapy for Estrogen Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer","volume":"13","author":"Sanchez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2010.02.008","article-title":"The Transcription Factor Fra-2 Promotes Mammary Tumour Progression by Changing the Adhesive Properties of Breast Cancer Cells","volume":"46","author":"Schroder","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"gkaf473","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaf473","article-title":"Pioneering New Enhancers by GATA3: Role of Facilitating Transcription Factors and Chromatin Remodeling","volume":"53","author":"Orlando","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1038\/s41594-022-00880-x","article-title":"Cooperation of Chromatin Remodeling SWI\/SNF Complex and Pioneer Factor AP-1 Shapes 3D Enhancer Landscapes","volume":"30","author":"Wolf","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, S.C., Vijayakumar, U., Zhang, Y., and Fullwood, M.J. (2022). Super-Enhancers, Phase-Separated Condensates, and 3D Genome Organization in Cancer. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14122866"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-020-00135-y","article-title":"CDK4\/6 Inhibition Reprograms the Breast Cancer Enhancer Landscape by Stimulating AP-1 Transcriptional Activity","volume":"2","author":"Watt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5139","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1222085110","article-title":"Identification of a Pharmacologically Tractable Fra-1\/ADORA2B Axis Promoting Breast Cancer Metastasis","volume":"110","author":"Desmet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2004.11.006","article-title":"Retinoid Receptor Cross-Talk in Respiratory Epithelium Cancer Chemoprevention","volume":"11","author":"Karamouzis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiappetta, G., Ferraro, A., Botti, G., Monaco, M., Pasquinelli, R., Vuttariello, E., Arnaldi, L., Di Bonito, M., D\u2019Aiuto, G., and Pierantoni, G.M. (2007). FRA-1 Protein Overexpression Is a Feature of Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Breast Disorders. BMC Cancer, 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-7-17"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4436","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-020-1299-z","article-title":"TGF\u03b2 and EGF Signaling Orchestrates the AP-1- and P63 Transcriptional Regulation of Breast Cancer Invasiveness","volume":"39","author":"Sundqvist","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4648","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-24-1660","article-title":"SWI\/SNF Functions as a Gatekeeper of Enhancer Chromatin Access to Control Progression of Mesenchymal Triple-Negative Breast Cancer","volume":"85","author":"Terp","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1210643","article-title":"The AP-1 Transcription Factor Regulates Breast Cancer Cell Growth via Cyclins and E2F Factors","volume":"27","author":"Shen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2586","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-018-0165-8","article-title":"C-Jun\/AP-1 Overexpression Reprograms ER\u03b1 Signaling Related to Tamoxifen Response in ER\u03b1-Positive Breast Cancer","volume":"37","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2024.06.022","article-title":"Systematic Dissection of Sequence Features Affecting Binding Specificity of a Pioneer Factor Reveals Binding Synergy between FOXA1 and AP-1","volume":"84","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s10585-021-10108-9","article-title":"JUNB Suppresses Distant Metastasis by Influencing the Initial Metastatic Stage","volume":"38","author":"Wutschka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Metastasis"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10704","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-66659-y","article-title":"Cellular Reprogramming during Anti-PD-1 and Chemotherapy Treatment in Early-Stage Primary Hormone Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer","volume":"16","author":"Fu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2013.08.005","article-title":"Protein Kinase C \u03b1 Is a Central Signaling Node and Therapeutic Target for Breast Cancer Stem Cells","volume":"24","author":"Tam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2022.01.006","article-title":"Epigenetic Basis of Oncogenic-Kras Mediated Epithelial-Cellular Proliferation and Plasticity","volume":"57","author":"Xi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-024-02255-1","article-title":"USP21-EGFR Signaling Axis Is Functionally Implicated in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer","volume":"10","author":"Shin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.13.4.359","article-title":"COX-2 Inhibition in Cancer Therapeutics: A Field of Controversy or a Magic Bullet?","volume":"13","author":"Karamouzis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-019-0690-5","article-title":"ARID1A Facilitates KRAS Signaling-Regulated Enhancer Activity in an AP1-Dependent Manner in Colorectal Cancer Cells","volume":"11","author":"Sen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenet."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E131","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb0502-e131","article-title":"AP-1 as a Regulator of Cell Life and Death","volume":"4","author":"Shaulian","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diesch, J., Sanij, E., Gilan, O., Love, C., Tran, H., Fleming, N.I., Ellul, J., Amalia, M., Haviv, I., and Pearson, R.B. (2014). Widespread FRA1-Dependent Control of Mesenchymal Transdifferentiation Programs in Colorectal Cancer Cells. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088950"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.113875","article-title":"Fosl1 Is a Transcriptional Effector of BRAFV600E-Driven Intestinal Tumorigenesis","volume":"28","author":"Alam","year":"2025","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.01.025","article-title":"Immunity, Inflammation, and Cancer","volume":"140","author":"Grivennikov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16019","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-34199-9","article-title":"The C-Jun and JunB Transcription Factors Facilitate the Transit of Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma Tumour Cells through G1","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s40164-020-00197-9","article-title":"AP-1 Family Transcription Factors: A Diverse Family of Proteins That Regulate Varied Cellular Activities in Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma and ALK+ ALCL","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2013.10.024","article-title":"C-JUN N-Terminal Kinase (JNK) Is Activated and Contributes to Tumor Cell Proliferation in Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma","volume":"45","author":"Leventaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3732","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47649-y","article-title":"Discovery of Immunotherapy Targets for Pediatric Solid and Brain Tumors by Exon-Level Expression","volume":"15","author":"Shaw","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.13079","article-title":"The Oncogenic JUNB\/CD30 Axis Contributes to Cell Cycle Deregulation in ALK+ Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma","volume":"167","author":"Atsaves","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2966","article-title":"PDGFR Blockade Is a Rational and Effective Therapy for NPM-ALK-Driven Lymphomas","volume":"18","author":"Laimer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/his.15376","article-title":"Advances in Peripheral T Cell Lymphomas: Pathogenesis, Genetic Landscapes and Emerging Therapeutic Targets","volume":"86","author":"Pichler","year":"2025","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3733","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2011.542","article-title":"NPM-ALK Signals through Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3\u03b2 to Promote Oncogenesis","volume":"31","author":"McDonnell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2550","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-08-1808","article-title":"Sonic Hedgehog Signaling Pathway Is Activated in ALK-Positive Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma","volume":"69","author":"Singh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pearson, J.D., Mohammed, Z., Bacani, J.T.C., Lai, R., and Ingham, R.J. (2012). The Heat Shock Protein-90 Co-Chaperone, Cyclophilin 40, Promotes ALK-Positive, Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma Viability and Its Expression Is Regulated by the NPM-ALK Oncoprotein. BMC Cancer, 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-12-229"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-08-594507","article-title":"Essential Role of IRF4 and MYC Signaling for Survival of Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma","volume":"125","author":"Weilemann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-018-0045-9","article-title":"The AP-1-BATF and -BATF3 Module Is Essential for Growth, Survival and TH17\/ILC3 Skewing of Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma","volume":"32","author":"Schleussner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2015-07-655647","article-title":"CARMA1- and MyD88-Dependent Activation of Jun\/ATF-Type AP-1 Complexes Is a Hallmark of ABC Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphomas","volume":"127","author":"Juilland","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2016.358","article-title":"The AP-1 Transcription Factor JunB Is Essential for Multiple Myeloma Cell Proliferation and Drug Resistance in the Bone Marrow Microenvironment","volume":"31","author":"Fan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110687","article-title":"The Selective Activator Protein-1 Inhibitor T-5224 Regulates the IRF4\/MYC Axis and Exerts Cooperative Antimyeloma Activity with Bortezomib","volume":"384","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34397","article-title":"AP-1 Inhibitor Induces Ferroptosis via the PI3K\/AKT Pathway in Multiple Myeloma Cells","volume":"10","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-024-01117-4","article-title":"Dual Therapeutic Targeting of MYC and JUNB Transcriptional Programs for Enhanced Anti-Myeloma Activity","volume":"14","author":"Lind","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1038\/s41417-025-00974-w","article-title":"AP-1 Promotes Oncogenic Transcription in Lung Cancer Cells by Bridging Promoter-Enhancer Interactions","volume":"33","author":"Tan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cancer Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-06-0311","article-title":"The Activator Protein-1 Transcription Factor in Respiratory Epithelium Carcinogenesis","volume":"5","author":"Karamouzis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2006.10.003","article-title":"The IGF-1 Network in Lung Carcinoma Therapeutics","volume":"12","author":"Karamouzis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maytum, A., Obier, N., Cauchy, P., and Bonifer, C. (2024). Regulation of Developmentally Controlled Enhancer Activity by Extrinsic Signals in Normal and Malignant Cells: AP-1 at the Centre. Front. Epigenet. Epigenom., 2.","DOI":"10.3389\/freae.2024.1465958"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2023.109821","article-title":"Bone Metastatic Mammary Tumor Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Inhibit Osteoblast Maturation via JNK Signaling","volume":"750","author":"Uehara","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(03)00026-7","article-title":"Activation of the JNK-AP-1 Signal Transduction Pathway Is Associated with Pathogenesis and Progression of Human Osteosarcomas","volume":"32","author":"Papachristou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.14348\/molcells.2017.0225","article-title":"Current Understanding of RANK Signaling in Osteoclast Differentiation and Maturation","volume":"40","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0177(2000)9999:9999<::AID-DVDY1074>3.0.CO;2-C","article-title":"Cbfa1: A Molecular Switch in Osteoblast Biology","volume":"219","author":"Ducy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dev. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2018.03.017","article-title":"Multi-Stage Differentiation Defines Melanoma Subtypes with Differential Vulnerability to Drug-Induced Iron-Dependent Oxidative Stress","volume":"33","author":"Tsoi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111147","article-title":"AP-1 Transcription Factor Network Explains Diverse Patterns of Cellular Plasticity in Melanoma Cells","volume":"40","author":"Baumann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e06857","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.06857","article-title":"Transcription Factor MITF and Remodeller BRG1 Define Chromatin Organisation at Regulatory Elements in Melanoma Cells","volume":"4","author":"Laurette","year":"2015","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8755","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9755","article-title":"MITF and C-Jun Antagonism Interconnects Melanoma Dedifferentiation with pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Responsiveness and Myeloid Cell Recruitment","volume":"6","author":"Riesenberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, J.-C., Li, J., Zhao, Y.-P., Zhou, L., Cui, Q.-C., Zhou, W.-X., Zhang, T.-P., and You, L. (2015). Expression of C-Fos Was Associated with Clinicopathologic Characteristics and Prognosis in Pancreatic Cancer. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120332"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1007\/s13277-012-0404-5","article-title":"JDP2 Inhibits the Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Pancreatic Cancer BxPC3 Cells","volume":"33","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tumour Biol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-11-0107","article-title":"Impact of APE1\/Ref-1 Redox Inhibition on Pancreatic Tumor Growth","volume":"10","author":"Fishel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2010.10.008","article-title":"Inhibition of APE1\/Ref-1 Redox Activity with APX3330 Blocks Retinal Angiogenesis in Vitro and in Vivo","volume":"51","author":"Jiang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4768","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-20-0907","article-title":"YAP and AP-1 Cooperate to Initiate Pancreatic Cancer Development from Ductal Cells in Mice","volume":"80","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.223891.117","article-title":"Targeting Mutant KRAS with CRISPR-Cas9 Controls Tumor Growth","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-026-10367-0","article-title":"Mapping Convergent Regulators of Melanoma Drug Resistance by PerturbFate","volume":"654","author":"Xu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.27997","article-title":"Targeting AP-1 Transcription Factors by CRISPR in the Prostate","volume":"12","author":"Riedel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4914","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-49234-9","article-title":"FOXA2 Rewires AP-1 for Transcriptional Reprogramming and Lineage Plasticity in Prostate Cancer","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2404188121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2404188121","article-title":"Liver Cancer Development Driven by the AP-1\/c-Jun~Fra-2 Dimer through c-Myc","volume":"121","author":"Bakiri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadn4306","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adn4306","article-title":"Single-Cell Multi-Omics Sequencing Uncovers Region-Specific Plasticity of Glioblastoma for Complementary Therapeutic Targeting","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-026-08442-5","article-title":"SOX21 Suppresses Glioblastoma Growth by Repressing AP-1 Activity","volume":"17","author":"Rrapaj","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2460","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2009.00841.x","article-title":"Lysyl Oxidase Interacts with AGE Signalling to Modulate Collagen Synthesis in Polycystic Ovarian Tissue","volume":"14","author":"Papachroni","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2011.74","article-title":"AGE Restriction in Diabetes Mellitus: A Paradigm Shift","volume":"7","author":"Vlassara","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-015-2091-z","article-title":"Advanced Glycation End Products Upregulate Lysyl Oxidase and Endothelin-1 in Human Aortic Endothelial Cells via Parallel Activation of ERK1\/2-NF-\u039aB and JNK-AP-1 Signaling Pathways","volume":"73","author":"Adamopoulos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2004.02170.x","article-title":"Increased Levels of Serum Advanced Glycation End-Products in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"62","author":"Piperi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2232","article-title":"Transcriptional Analysis of HIV-Specific CD8+ T Cells Shows That PD-1 Inhibits T Cell Function by Upregulating BATF","volume":"16","author":"Quigley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7491","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.75853","article-title":"Enhancer Reprogramming Promotes the Activation of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts and Breast Cancer Metastasis","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2020.120546","article-title":"Pancreatic Cancer-Targeting Exosomes for Enhancing Immunotherapy and Reprogramming Tumor Microenvironment","volume":"268","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-026-07759-1","article-title":"Tumor-Associated Macrophage-Specific LRRFIP1 Promotes M2 Macrophage Polarization and Progression of Colorectal Cancer via Activation of the PI3K Pathway","volume":"24","author":"Mu","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2415196","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202415196","article-title":"Transcriptome Landscape of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts in Human PDAC","volume":"12","author":"Tao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-025-02533-1","article-title":"Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts in the Tumor Microenvironment: Heterogeneity, Crosstalk Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Implications","volume":"25","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.11.037","article-title":"A Starring Role for Stellate Cells in the Pancreatic Cancer Microenvironment","volume":"144","author":"Apte","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2018","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2022.02.024","article-title":"Stromal HIF2 Regulates Immune Suppression in the Pancreatic Cancer Microenvironment","volume":"162","author":"Garcia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02499-y","article-title":"Pancreatic Cancer: Molecular Pathogenesis and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies","volume":"11","author":"Rozengurt","year":"2026","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12189","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.2608","article-title":"EBV-Driven LMP1 and IFN-\u03b3 up-Regulate PD-L1 in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Implications for Oncotargeted Therapy","volume":"5","author":"Fang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sumimoto, H., Takano, A., Teramoto, K., and Daigo, Y. (2016). RAS-Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signal Is Required for Enhanced PD-L1 Expression in Human Lung Cancers. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166626"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15419","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1206370109","article-title":"Activator Protein 1 Suppresses Antitumor T-Cell Function via the Induction of Programmed Death 1","volume":"109","author":"Xiao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2016.01.007","article-title":"Assessment of Costimulation and Coinhibition in a Triple Parameter T Cell Reporter Line: Simultaneous Measurement of NF-\u039aB, NFAT and AP-1","volume":"430","author":"Jutz","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-020-1536-x","article-title":"Enhanced Histone H3 Acetylation of the PD-L1 Promoter via the COP1\/c-Jun\/HDAC3 Axis Is Required for PD-L1 Expression in Drug-Resistant Cancer Cells","volume":"39","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_112","first-page":"2284","article-title":"Adenosine Promotes Foxp3 Expression in Treg Cells in Sepsis Model by Activating JNK\/AP-1 Pathway","volume":"8","author":"Bao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2010.09.001","article-title":"Positive and Negative Transcriptional Regulation of the Foxp3 Gene Is Mediated by Access and Binding of the Smad3 Protein to Enhancer I","volume":"33","author":"Xu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.06.052","article-title":"OX40 Costimulation Inhibits Foxp3 Expression and Treg Induction via BATF3-Dependent and Independent Mechanisms","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2018.02.147","article-title":"A Selective C-Fos\/AP-1 Inhibitor Prevents Cartilage Destruction and Subsequent Osteophyte Formation","volume":"497","author":"Motomura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.12914","article-title":"Selective Activator Protein-1 Inhibitor T-5224 Prevents Lymph Node Metastasis in an Oral Cancer Model","volume":"107","author":"Kamide","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buric, A.J., Dickerhoff, J., and Yang, D. (2021). Novel DNA Bis-Intercalator XR5944 as a Potent Anticancer Drug\u2014Design and Mechanism of Action. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26144132"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2014.04.058","article-title":"Discovery of Thienopyrimidine-Based FLT3 Inhibitors from the Structural Modification of Known IKK\u03b2 Inhibitors","volume":"24","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e87446","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.87446","article-title":"Pentraxin-2 Suppresses c-Jun\/AP-1 Signaling to Inhibit Progressive Fibrotic Disease","volume":"1","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.06.025","article-title":"Toward Minimal Residual Disease-Directed Therapy in Melanoma","volume":"174","author":"Rambow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25097","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.15341","article-title":"Galectin-1 Knockdown Improves Drug Sensitivity of Breast Cancer by Reducing P-Glycoprotein Expression through Inhibiting the Raf-1\/AP-1 Signaling Pathway","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, Y.R., Kudo, T.A., Tominami, K., Izumi, S., Tanaka, T., Hayashi, Y., Noguchi, T., Matsuzawa, A., Nakai, J., and Hong, G. (2022). SP600125 Enhances Temperature-Controlled Repeated Thermal Stimulation-Induced Neurite Outgrowth in PC12-P1F1 Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232415602"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2006.08.003","article-title":"Black Rice Anthocyanins Inhibit Cancer Cells Invasion via Repressions of MMPs and U-PA Expression","volume":"163","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkx1241","article-title":"Veratramine Modulates AP-1-Dependent Gene Transcription by Directly Binding to Programmable DNA","volume":"46","author":"Bai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2025.101206","article-title":"Harnessing Phytochemicals: Innovative Strategies to Enhance Cancer Immunotherapy","volume":"79","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Resist. Updates"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eckschlager, T., Plch, J., Stiborova, M., and Hrabeta, J. (2017). Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors as Anticancer Drugs. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18071414"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2021.03.024","article-title":"FOSL1 Promotes Metastasis of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma through Super-Enhancer-Driven Transcription Program","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2025.02.045","article-title":"Clinical Applications of Oligonucleotides for Cancer Therapy","volume":"33","author":"DeFranciscis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2024.107613","article-title":"Novel PROTAC Probes Targeting FOSL1 Degradation to Eliminate Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cancer Stem Cells","volume":"151","author":"Zaman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2006.00445.x","article-title":"Resveratrol Inhibits Proliferation of Human Epidermoid Carcinoma A431 Cells by Modulating MEK1 and AP-1 Signalling Pathways","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-020-00114-z","article-title":"Natural Products in Drug Discovery: Advances and Opportunities","volume":"20","author":"Atanasov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2016.02.003","article-title":"Inhibiting Drivers of Non-Mutational Drug Tolerance Is a Salvage Strategy for Targeted Melanoma Therapy","volume":"29","author":"Smith","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2012.10.009","article-title":"Relief of Profound Feedback Inhibition of Mitogenic Signaling by RAF Inhibitors Attenuates Their Activity in BRAFV600E Melanomas","volume":"22","author":"Lito","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4400708","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms Implicated in Galectin-1-Induced Apoptosis: Activation of the AP-1 Transcription Factor and Downregulation of Bcl-2","volume":"7","author":"Rabinovich","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9587","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-88983-1","article-title":"Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Resminostat in Combination with Sorafenib Counteracts Platelet-Mediated pro-Tumoral Effects in Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"11","author":"Streubel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2008.38","article-title":"Decoy Oligodeoxynucleotide Targeting Activator Protein-1 (AP-1) Attenuates Intestinal Inflammation in Murine Experimental Colitis","volume":"88","author":"Moriyama","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3235","article-title":"Discovery of Cancer Drug Targets by CRISPR-Cas9 Screening of Protein Domains","volume":"33","author":"Shi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_138","first-page":"e3061239","article-title":"Targeted Epigenome Editing with CRISPR Technologies: Transforming Cancer Treatment Strategies","volume":"2","author":"Kirankumar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Medtigo J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s13072-024-00559-1","article-title":"FOSL1 Is a Key Regulator of a Super-Enhancer Driving TCOF1 Expression in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer","volume":"17","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Epigenet. Chromatin"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casalino, L., Talotta, F., Cimmino, A., and Verde, P. (2022). The Fra-1\/AP-1 Oncoprotein: From the \u201cUndruggable\u201d Transcription Factor to Therapeutic Targeting. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14061480"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-024-02024-9","article-title":"New-Generation Advanced PROTACs as Potential Therapeutic Agents in Cancer Therapy","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-021-00371-6","article-title":"PROTAC Targeted Protein Degraders: The Past Is Prologue","volume":"21","author":"Langley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/16\/7\/1048\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T08:51:57Z","timestamp":1784623917000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/16\/7\/1048"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"references-count":142,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["biom16071048"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom16071048","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-273X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]}}}