{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:12:12Z","timestamp":1785409932622,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["25-23-00845"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25-23-00845"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["25-23-00845"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25-23-00845"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03y2gwe85","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present study investigated the influence of ultrasonication and humic substances (HS) on the colloidal-chemical characteristics and enzyme activity of alkaline phosphatase (AP). Specifically, the distribution of AP in immiscible liquid systems, its adsorption at the liquid\u2013liquid interface, and its enzyme activity were examined. The latter was assessed by measuring both the enzyme\u2019s ability to hydrolyze 4-nitrophenyl phosphate and its capacity to catalyze the synthesis of calcium phosphate. Under alkaline pH conditions, HS preserved the enzyme activity of AP during ultrasonication. Ultrasonication did not alter the secondary structure of the protein, and the observed loss of enzyme activity is reversible for both free AP and its mixture with HS. This reversibility was further supported by the enzymatic synthesis of calcium phosphate, which yielded comparable results for both treated and untreated AP samples. The following mechanism of HS action in the AP-HS system is proposed: (1) HS fragments form complexes with AP, resulting in higher enzyme activity; (2) continued ultrasonic treatment leads to a sharp decline in the activity of free AP; and (3) after the ultrasonic treatment is completed, the enzyme activity remains reduced; however, complexes between HS fragments and AP may begin to reform and exert their effect again.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom16081087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T10:38:41Z","timestamp":1784889521000},"page":"1087","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Humic Substances Reduce Inactivation of Alkaline Phosphatase Induced by Ultrasound at Therapeutic Intensities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1971-2672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgii S.","family":"Mikhailov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5040-9937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria G.","family":"Chernysheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2383-1697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan V.","family":"Mikheev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0606-8059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daria-Maria V.","family":"Ratova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander M.","family":"Arutuynyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology MSU, 119234 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9792-8432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gennadii A.","family":"Badun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander L.","family":"Nikolaev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galv\u00e1n-D\u2019Alessandro, L., and Carciochi, R.A. (2018). Fermentation assisted by pulsed electric field and ultrasound: A review. Fermentation, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation4010001"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2017.02.027","article-title":"Application of ultrasonic vibrations in welding and metal processing: A status review","volume":"26","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Proc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2022.12.005","article-title":"Review on additive manufacturing and non-destructive testing","volume":"66","author":"Papaelias","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prempeh, N.Y.A., Nunekpeku, X., Murugesan, A., and Li, H. (2025). Ultrasound in the Food Industry: Mechanisms and Applications for Non-Invasive Texture and Quality Analysis. Foods, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14122057"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gallo, M., Ferrara, L., and Naviglio, D. (2018). Application of Ultrasound in Food Science and Technology: A Perspective. Foods, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods7100164"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1021\/es00092a012","article-title":"Adsorption of dissolved organics in lake water by aluminum oxide. Effect of molecular weight","volume":"15","author":"Davis","year":"1981","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2009.09.013","article-title":"Environmental impact of novel thermal and non-thermal technologies in food processing","volume":"43","author":"Pereira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1007\/s002489900138","article-title":"Degradation of Soil Humic Extract by Wood- and Soil-Associated Fungi, Bacteria, and Commercial Enzymes","volume":"37","author":"Gramss","year":"1999","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cofs.2024.101181","article-title":"Protein-based encapsulation systems for codelivery of bioactive compounds: Recent studies and potential applications","volume":"57","author":"Dissanayake","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6003","DOI":"10.1021\/es200663h","article-title":"Protein Encapsulation by Humic Substances","volume":"45","author":"Tomaszewski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1134\/S0003683809010025","article-title":"An ultrasonic inactivation of Aspergillus niger glucose oxidase in aqueous solutions","volume":"45","author":"Karaseva","year":"2009","journal-title":"App. Biochem. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"595","article-title":"Polyphenolic antioxidants efficiently protect urease from inactivation by ultrasonic cavitation","volume":"38","author":"Metelitsa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Prikl. Biokh. Mikrobiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1134\/S1068162006040054","article-title":"Flavonoids as effective protectors of urease from ultrasonic inactivation in solutions","volume":"32","author":"Tarun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Russ. J. Bioorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1051\/dst\/2008037","article-title":"Impact of ultrasound on dairy spoilage microbes and milk components","volume":"89","author":"Cameron","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dairy Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-9592(00)00141-2","article-title":"The stability of enzymes after sonication","volume":"35","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2013.11.002","article-title":"Effect of ultrasound on the activity and conformation of \u03b1-amylase, papain and pepsin","volume":"21","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2017.06.029","article-title":"Improvement of pectinase, xylanase and cellulase activities by ultrasound: Effects on enzymes and substrates, kinetics and thermodynamic parameters","volume":"61","author":"Dalagnol","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1002\/btpr.2613","article-title":"Effects of ultrasonication variables on the activity and properties of alpha amylase preparation","volume":"34","author":"Tran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Progress."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2023.106720","article-title":"Effect of ultrasonic treatment on enzymes: Decoupling the relation between the ultrasonic driven conformational change and enzyme activity","volume":"101","author":"Kabawa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1039\/D5SU00752F","article-title":"Kinetic analysis and optimization of sonoreactor process for production of humic and fulvic acids from various coal feedstocks","volume":"4","author":"Manasrah","year":"2026","journal-title":"RSC Sustain."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2003.07.002","article-title":"Effect of ultrasonication on the humic acids extracted from lignocellulose substrate decomposed by anaerobic digestion","volume":"98","author":"Qi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2006.05.042","article-title":"Behaviour of natural organic mater during ultrasonic irradiation","volume":"210","author":"Naddeo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1134\/S0026261723603974","article-title":"Alkaline Phosphatase Activity and Phosphatase-Active Bacteria in Lake Baikal Water Column and Major Tributaries","volume":"93","author":"Suslova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-2229.13159","article-title":"Abundance and phylogenetic distribution of eight key enzymes of the phosphorus biogeochemical cycle in grassland soils","volume":"15","author":"Garaycochea","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-624X(85)90028-9","article-title":"Interaction of therapeutic ultrasound with purified enzymes in vitro","volume":"23","author":"Chetverikova","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01213710","article-title":"Comparative study on the therapeutic ultrasound effects on erythrocyte membrane-bound and free acetylcholinesterase","volume":"26","author":"Braginskaya","year":"1987","journal-title":"Radiat. Environ. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2015.05.004","article-title":"A review on enzyme and ultrasound: A controversial but fruitful relationship","volume":"889","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbp.2026.02.006","article-title":"Why do humic substances affect the properties of alkaline phosphatase?","volume":"156","author":"Chernysheva","year":"2026","journal-title":"Food Bioprod. Process."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1524\/ract.2010.1695","article-title":"A new technique for tritium labeling of humic substances","volume":"98","author":"Badun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Radiochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124646","article-title":"Behavior of humic substances in the liquid-liquid system directly measured using tritium label","volume":"238","author":"Chernysheva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c08555","article-title":"Solid-Phase Extraction at High pH as a Promising Tool for Targeted Isolation of Biologically Active Fractions of Humic Acids","volume":"9","author":"Mikhnevich","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1134\/S0003683824605791","article-title":"Screening of Inhibitory Activity of Narrow Fractions of Humic Substances towards Different Types of Class A \u03b2-Lactamases","volume":"60","author":"Grigorenko","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1524\/ract.2012.1926","article-title":"Increase in the specific radioactivity of tritium-labeled compounds obtained by tritium thermal activation method","volume":"100","author":"Badun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Radiochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enzmictec.2025.110586","article-title":"Unraveling the role of E. coli and calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase in calcium phosphate synthesis","volume":"184","author":"Chernysheva","year":"2025","journal-title":"Enzym. Microb. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(2026, July 08). DataPhysics OCA Software. Available online: https:\/\/www.dataphysics-instruments.com\/products."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2026.345140","article-title":"Detailed impurity profiling of graphene oxide fractions by robust inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry monitoring","volume":"1392","author":"Poimenova","year":"2026","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"(2026, July 08). OriginLab Software. Available online: https:\/\/www.originlab.com."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"(2026, July 08). Statistica 10 Software. Available online: http:\/\/soft.softline.ru\/statsoft."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/S0146-6380(00)00040-1","article-title":"Encapsulation of protein in humic acid from a histosol as an explanation for the occurrence of organic nitrogen in soil and sediment","volume":"31","author":"Zang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Org. Geochem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1007\/s11368-013-0744-9","article-title":"HS-protein associates in the aqueous\/oil system: Composition and colloidal properties","volume":"14","author":"Chernysheva","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Soils Sediments"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2389.2012.01459.x","article-title":"Influence of lysozyme complexation with purified Aldrich humic acid on lysozyme activity","volume":"63","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Soil Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5050","DOI":"10.1021\/es3053027","article-title":"Influence of Soil Humic and Fulvic Acid on the Activity and Stability of Lysozyme and Urease","volume":"47","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5245","DOI":"10.1021\/ja9540839","article-title":"Studies on single alkaline phosphatase molecules: Reaction rate and activation energy of a reaction catalyzed by a single molecule and the effect of thermal denaturation\u2014The death of an enzyme","volume":"118","author":"Craig","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mencom.2023.10.040","article-title":"The effect of tritiated water on the alkaline phosphatase inactivation after ultrasound and gamma-rays irradiation","volume":"33","author":"Sarantsev","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mendeleev Comm."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s11302-005-5435-6","article-title":"Alkaline Phosphatases","volume":"2","year":"2006","journal-title":"Purinergic Signal."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.96.4.1200-1207.1968","article-title":"Alkaline Phosphatase Subunits and Their Dimerization In Vivo","volume":"96","author":"Torriani","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"233","article-title":"Stabilization of alkaline phosphatase by magnesium ions","volume":"39","author":"Poltorak","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bul. Mosc. Univ. Ser. 2. Chem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)94411-X","article-title":"Escherichia coli Co (II) alkaline phosphatase","volume":"244","author":"Applebury","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9520","DOI":"10.1021\/jf071518q","article-title":"Effect of high-pressure processing on activity and structure of alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase in buffer and milk","volume":"55","author":"Kouassi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2012.08.001","article-title":"Effects of ultrasound on structural and physical properties of soy protein isolate (SPI) dispersions","volume":"30","author":"Hu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcatb.2008.12.005","article-title":"Ultrasonic processing of enzymes: Effect on enzyme activity of glucose oxidase","volume":"58","author":"Choi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mol. Catal. B Enzym."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, L., Zhu, L., Murtaza, A., Liu, Y., Liu, S., Li, J., Iqbal, A., Xu, X., Pan, S., and Hu, W. (2019). Ultrasonic Processing Induced Activity and Structural Changes of Polyphenol Oxidase in Orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck). Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24101922"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2695","DOI":"10.1007\/s11694-018-9887-0","article-title":"Integration of ultrasonic treatment in biorefinery of tea residue: Protein structural characteristics and functionality, and the generation of by-products","volume":"12","author":"Ayim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Food Meas. Charact."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.12018","article-title":"A universal measure of chaotropicity and kosmotropicity","volume":"15","author":"Cray","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.3103\/S0361521911050028","article-title":"Potentiometric titration of humic acids","volume":"45","author":"Kovtun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Solid Fuel Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2006.08.060","article-title":"Potentiometric determination of the total acidity of humic acids by constant-current coulometry","volume":"582","author":"Palladino","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1021\/jp9930550","article-title":"Oxidation of phenols by triplet aromatic ketones in aqueous solution","volume":"104","author":"Canonica","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.71267\/mencom.7901","article-title":"Comparison of nonstoichiometric and Mg-containing calcium-deficient hydroxyapatites obtained by enzymatic synthesis","volume":"36","author":"Mikhaylov","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mendeleev Commun."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2015.11.039","article-title":"Modifying hydroxyapatite nanoparticles with humic acid for highly efficient removal of Cu(II) from aqueous solution","volume":"490","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5124","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.4c05766","article-title":"Role of Heterogeneous Enzyme Activity in the Formation of Calcium Phosphate Nanomaterials","volume":"25","author":"King","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.3390\/ma2020399","article-title":"Calcium orthophosphates in nature, biology and medicine","volume":"2","author":"Dorozhkin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-7061(03)00207-6","article-title":"Effects of humic material on the precipitation of calcium phosphate","volume":"118","author":"Alvarez","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2007.05.012","article-title":"Inhibition of calcium phosphate precipitation under environmentally-relevant conditions","volume":"383","author":"Cao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02555847","article-title":"Resolution-enhanced fourier transform infrared spectroscopy study of the environment of phosphate ion in the early deposits of a solid phase of calcium phosphate in bone and enamel and their evolution with age: 2. Investigations in the v3 PO4 domain","volume":"49","author":"Rey","year":"1991","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, B., and Poduska, K.M. (2023). Tracking Amorphous Calcium Carbonate Crystallization Products with Far-Infrared Spectroscopy. Minerals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/min13010110"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.3390\/ceramics5030031","article-title":"Possibilities of mechanochemical synthesis of apatites with different Ca\/P ratios","volume":"5","author":"Chaikina","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ceramics"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"36165","article-title":"Ultrafast and reproducible synthesis of tailor-made octacalcium phosphate","volume":"9","author":"Choudhary","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-001-1023-7","article-title":"Complexation, Stabilization, and UV Photolysis of Extracellular and Surface-Bound Glucosidase and Alkaline Phosphatase: Implications for Biofilm Microbiota","volume":"42","author":"Espeland","year":"2001","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mencom.2007.11.021","article-title":"Surfactant adsorption at the water-p-xylene interface as studied by the scintillation phase method","volume":"17","author":"Badun","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mend. Comm."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1134\/S0036024409020241","article-title":"Anomalous behavior of poly(ethylene glycol)p-tert-octylphenyl ether (Triton X-100) in the water-cyclohexane system","volume":"83","author":"Chernysheva","year":"2009","journal-title":"Russ. J. Phys. Chem. A"}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/16\/8\/1087\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T11:03:25Z","timestamp":1784891005000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/16\/8\/1087"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["biom16081087"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom16081087","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-273X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]}}}