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This review will focus on the newly identified functions of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in cancer biology and therapeutic innovations. We review the existing knowledge on microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and circular RNAs in the context of their different experimental and computational studies, and we highlight their mechanisms of action in cancer hallmarks such as proliferation and resistance to apoptosis, metastasis, and metabolic reprogramming. We evaluate the translational landscape of ncRNA-based therapeutics by examining clinical trials in progress and completed, delivery methods, and emerging technologies. This review aims to separate fact from fiction and offer a balanced view on the facts, which will help guide future research and clinical development in the field of ncRNA oncology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom16081110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T17:01:46Z","timestamp":1785344506000},"page":"1110","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Beyond Junk DNA: Emerging Roles of Non-Coding RNAs in Cancer and Therapeutic Innovation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Li","family":"Qiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Engineering Technology Research Center of Biochemical Pharmaceutical, Bengbu Medical University, 2600 Donghai Avenue, Bengbu 233030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4806-8261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zenan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China"},{"name":"Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830017, China"},{"name":"College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7572-2991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianxiong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China"},{"name":"Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830017, China"},{"name":"College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiming","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China"},{"name":"Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830017, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0436-4277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenfang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Engineering Technology Research Center of Biochemical Pharmaceutical, Bengbu Medical University, 2600 Donghai Avenue, Bengbu 233030, China"},{"name":"Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830017, China"},{"name":"College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11233","article-title":"Landscape of transcription in human cells","volume":"489","author":"Djebali","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2011.05.001","article-title":"The central role of RNA in human development and cognition","volume":"585","author":"Mattick","year":"2011","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2019.04.011","article-title":"Long non-coding RNA: Classification, biogenesis and functions in blood cells","volume":"112","author":"Dahariya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. 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