{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T19:02:10Z","timestamp":1785438130709,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004913","name":"University of Palermo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FFR2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FFR2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004913","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004913","name":"University of Palermo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FFR2026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FFR2026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004913","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Individual responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination vary due to viral mutations, demographic factors, and genetic background, with T-cell responses being less affected by viral variability. However, less is known about the effect of age, sex, and genetic background on the T-cell response in vaccinated subjects. In particular, the influence of interferon lambda (IFN-\u03bb) genetic polymorphisms on vaccine-induced cellular immunity has been poorly explored. Here, we assessed intracellular production of IFN\u03b3, TNF\u03b1, and IL-2 in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells stimulated with SARS-CoV-2 spike peptides from 50 vaccinated subjects genotyped for IFNL3 (rs12980275 and rs8099917) and IFNL4 (rs11322783TT and rs12979860) SNPs. We found that the IFNL4 rs11322783TT\/TT genotype is associated with increased IL-2 production in CD8+ T cells, whereas the \u0394G allele correlates with a reduced IL-2 response. No significant effects on CD4+ T-cell cytokine production or other cytokines were observed. These preliminary findings suggest that type III interferon gene variants might be involved in CD8+ T-cell responses post-vaccination, opening the possibility that evaluation of IFNL4 SNPs might be useful in designing strategies of personalized vaccination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom16081111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T17:01:46Z","timestamp":1785344506000},"page":"1111","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["IFN\u03bb4 Gene Variants Are Associated with CD8+ T Cell IL-2 Response After COVID-19 Vaccination: A Preliminary Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Giuseppa Luisa","family":"Sanfilippo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"G. Giglio Institute Foundation, 90015 Cefal\u00f9, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0395-9789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giusto Davide","family":"Badami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico (AOUP) Paolo Giaccone, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3327-9541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco Pio","family":"La Manna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico (AOUP) Paolo Giaccone, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariangela","family":"Pizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS ISMETT, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4550-1389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico","family":"Lio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Research Center \u201cMigrate\u201d, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7874-6289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni Maurizio","family":"Giammanco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1018-5710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadia","family":"Caccamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico (AOUP) Paolo Giaccone, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2034577","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine","volume":"383","author":"Polack","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. 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