{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T02:45:09Z","timestamp":1785725109700,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Seminal plasma regulates sperm function; oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation can impair semen biochemical homeostasis. This study investigated seminal biochemical\/enzymatic compounds and Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) in seminal plasma and spermatozoa from normozoospermic men (&gt;5th percentile) assessing their relationship with sperm quality. The strongest significant (p &lt; 0.001 ***) negative correlations (r) were found for normal sperm morphology and albumin (ALB, r = \u22120.515 ***), cholesterol (CHO, r = \u22120.386 ***), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, r = \u22120.514 ***), sperm TEAC (r = \u22120.438 ***) and homocysteine (Hcy; r = \u22120.381 ***); sperm progressive motility with ALB (r = \u22120.495 ***), CHO (r = \u22120.349 ***), LDH (r = \u22120.355 ***) and sperm TEAC (r = \u22120.295 ***); sperm vitality with creatine kinase (CK, r = \u22120.486 ***) and LDH (r = \u22120.380 ***). Total prostate-specific antigen (TPSA) was positively correlated with sperm quality. After stratification, subjects with low-normal sperm parameters showed significantly higher levels of ALB, CHO, CK, LDH, interleukin 6 (IL-6), Hcy and sperm TEAC vs. high-normal parameter subjects. ALB, Hcy and LDH were increased in individuals with progressive motility, normal morphology and vitality &lt; 25th percentile indicating their involvement in OS, inflammation and accessory gland activity. These findings suggest that World Health Organization lower reference limits are not a strict cutoff between normal and abnormal semen quality but rather define a baseline of biochemical efficiency and sperm function, highlighting the synergy between spermatozoa and seminal plasma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom16081125","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T01:43:27Z","timestamp":1785721407000},"page":"1125","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Interplay Between Sperm Function and Seminal Plasma Biochemical Profile in a Group of Normozoospermic Subjects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5682-4148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caterina","family":"Marcucci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1587-0159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Collodel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2360-0613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Leoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5563-236X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Liguori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0006-9414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cinzia","family":"Signorini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8174-4178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabiola","family":"Nerucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Pathology, University Teaching Hospital of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0788-9722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Calzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Pathology, University Teaching Hospital of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9897-760X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcello","family":"Fiorini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Pathology, University Teaching Hospital of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9467-0501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Moretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u0142aczkowska, S., Rodak, K., Kmieciak, A., Gilowska, I., and Kratz, E.M. 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