{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T09:28:36Z","timestamp":1786354116553,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Skeletal muscle mitochondrial dysfunction and altered myokine signaling contribute to insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes. This study compared the effects of non-work-matched high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity interval training (MIIT) on skeletal muscle exerkine\/myokine- and mitochondrial biogenesis-related gene expression and systemic metabolic indices in streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetic rats. Twenty-four male Wistar rats were initially allocated to healthy control, diabetic control, MIIT, or HIIT groups; after predefined treadmill-familiarization exclusions, five animals per group were analyzed. Training was performed for 6 weeks, three sessions per week, with MIIT prescribed at 70% maximal aerobic speed and HIIT at 90% maximal aerobic speed. Gastrocnemius expression of FNDC5, OSTN, PGC-1\u03b1, TFAM, CCO, and UCP3 was quantified by RT-qPCR, and fasting glucose, insulin, lipid variables, HOMA-IR, HOMA-\u03b2, QUICKI, and TyG index were assessed. Diabetes reduced all targeted transcripts and impaired insulin-related metabolic indices. Both MIIT and HIIT partially restored myokine- and mitochondrial-related transcripts compared with diabetic controls, with no significant differences between training protocols for most molecular outcomes. HIIT produced lower fasting insulin and HOMA-IR than MIIT but imposed a greater estimated cumulative workload. These findings indicate that interval training partly attenuates diabetes-associated transcriptional and insulin-related metabolic disturbances, while intensity-specific conclusions require work-matched designs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom16081152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T16:00:43Z","timestamp":1786118443000},"page":"1152","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Non-Work-Matched HIIT and MIIT Partially Restore Exerkine-Related and Mitochondrial Gene Expression in Diabetic Rat Skeletal Muscle"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Saeed","family":"Rezae","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Payam Abasian","family":"Mehr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parisa","family":"Pournemati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417935840, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3917-4417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ismail","family":"Laher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5488-3158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00d6zg\u00fcr","family":"Eken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sport Teaching, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Inonu University, Malatya 44280, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5255-4860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monira I.","family":"Aldhahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blagov, A., Nedosugova, L., Kirichenko, T., Sukhorukov, V., Melnichenko, A., and Orekhov, A. 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