{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T05:19:16Z","timestamp":1787721556801,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004319","name":"Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["111-SHK-FJU-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111-SHK-FJU-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004319","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["111-SHK-FJU-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111-SHK-FJU-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04x744g62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010425","name":"Tri-Service General Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TSGH_D_113127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSGH_D_113127"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010425","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["TSGH_D_113127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSGH_D_113127"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/007h4qe29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of irreversible vision loss and is strongly driven by oxidative stress and inflammation. This study investigated the protective effects of cynarin against sodium iodate (NaIO3)-induced retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) injury, focusing on the MAPK and NF-\u03baB signaling pathways. Materials and Methods: Human ARPE-19 cells were exposed to NaIO3, and cell viability was assessed by the MTT assay. Protein expression of MAPK components (p38, JNK, ERK) and the NF-\u03baB pathway was analyzed by Western blotting, and pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, TNF-\u03b1) mRNA expression was measured by RT-qPCR. In vivo, NaIO3-induced retinal degeneration in C57BL\/6 mice was treated with cynarin (3 or 10 mg\/kg) for seven days, and retinal changes were evaluated by fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, and OCT. Results: Cynarin preserved ARPE-19 cell viability without cytotoxicity. It significantly attenuated NaIO3-induced p38 and JNK phosphorylation, I\u03baB degradation, and NF-\u03baB activation while downregulating IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, and TNF-\u03b1 expression. In vivo, cynarin reduced drusen-like lesions, hyperfluorescent abnormalities, and retinal thinning, and dose-dependently suppressed ocular pro-inflammatory cytokines. Conclusions: Cynarin protects against oxidative stress-induced retinal degeneration by suppressing MAPK and NF-\u03baB inflammatory signaling, representing a promising therapeutic candidate for preventing or delaying NaIO3-induced dry AMD-like retinal injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom16091227","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T09:20:02Z","timestamp":1787563202000},"page":"1227","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cynarin Alleviates Sodium Iodate-Induced Retinal Pigment Epithelium Injury by Regulating Oxidative Stress and Inflammation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yue-Lin","family":"Fang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD Program in Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242062, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei 111045, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Jou","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD Program in Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242062, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0461-2050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao-Hsien","family":"Sung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD Program in Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242062, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24352, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5201-6747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chia-Chi","family":"Kung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24352, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242062, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiuan-Ruei","family":"Shiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242062, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chih-Yu","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kweishan, Taoyuan 333423, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei-Jung","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Health and Medical Engineering, Ming Chuan University, Taoyuan 33300, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Der-Chen","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics and Department of Computer Science, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9554-1114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I-Chia","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei 114202, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, National Defense Medical University, Taipei 114201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3478-5451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chi-Feng","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242062, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1258\/jrsm.2009.080298","article-title":"Age-related macular degeneration","volume":"102","author":"Ayoub","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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