{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T11:07:10Z","timestamp":1788865630695,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32102682"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32102682"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["32102682"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32102682"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022M721391"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022M721391"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2022M721391"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022M721391"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0426zh255","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Higher Education of Jiangsu Province","award":["21KJB230006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21KJB230006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tripartite motif-containing protein 21 (TRIM21\/Ro52) is a pivotal E3 ubiquitin ligase and cytoplasmic fragment crystallizable receptor (FcR). It plays a crucial role in viral infections, autoimmune disorders, and cancers by regulating multiple cell signaling axes, including the NF-\u03baB, RIG-I-like receptor (RLR), cGAS-STING, and Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathways. Type I interferon (IFN-I), a pleiotropic cytokine, is produced via these immune signaling pathways, which are often triggered by viral components. TRIM21 both activates IFN-I signaling and mediates its negative feedback through post-translational modification of key immune signaling proteins, thereby maintaining immune homeostasis. In recent years, TRIM21 has been found to dually regulate autophagy and IFN-I in the context of virus\u2013host interplay. Herein, we systematically summarize the functional roles of TRIM21 in virus-triggered intracellular immunity, aiming to provide insights for researchers and inspire further investigation in this area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom16091237","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T16:54:42Z","timestamp":1787763282000},"page":"1237","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Unraveling the Multifaceted Role of TRIM21 in Virus-Triggered Innate Immunity and Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9351-2732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shijin","family":"Lan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Center, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"},{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine and Medical Laboratory Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine and Medical Laboratory Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yutong","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine and Medical Laboratory Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shixing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine and Medical Laboratory Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9041-8475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quan","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine and Medical Laboratory Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaochun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine and Medical Laboratory Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine and Medical Laboratory Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deqiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Center, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Likai","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine and Medical Laboratory Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"},{"name":"School of Basic Medicine and Public Health, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.05.003","article-title":"Immune signaling by RIG-I-like receptors","volume":"34","author":"Loo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0288-3","article-title":"RIG-I-like receptors: Their regulation and roles in RNA sensing","volume":"20","author":"Rehwinkel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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