{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T23:44:19Z","timestamp":1789429459780,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 DK132328-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DK132328-03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"VA Merit","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1I01BX006169-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1I01BX006169-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Uremic conditions are common in end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) patients. Accelerated vascular diseases in uremic patients lead to heart failure, stroke, and hypertension. To investigate the effects of uremia on porcine arterial smooth muscle cells (aSMCs), bulk RNA sequencing was used to identify uremia-induced alterations in signaling pathways of aSMCs that might explain the aggressive cardiovascular diseases seen in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and ESKD. Bulk RNA sequencing was performed on porcine aSMCs cultured with serum from normal or uremic pigs. Differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis revealed that 295 genes were upregulated and 138 genes were downregulated after uremic serum exposure. Gene Ontology molecular function analysis demonstrated that ATP-dependent activity, translation factor activity, and ATP-dependent protein folding chaperones were predicted to be negatively enriched after uremic serum exposure, while proton transmembrane transporter activity, antioxidant activity, and glutathione peroxidase activity were predicted to be positively enriched. Gene set enrichment analysis indicated that the cell cycle was predicted to be negatively enriched after uremic serum exposure in aSMCs. Overrepresentation analysis found that focal adhesion, protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and cell senescence were predicted to be negatively enriched, while lysosome, phagosome, apoptosis, and autophagy were predicted to be positively enriched after uremic serum exposure. This study suggests that the signaling pathways that regulate cellular redox homeostasis, the cellular waste disposal system, ER stress and autophagy are major signaling pathways involved in aSMCs\u2019 responses to uremic serum exposure. These pathways may contribute to the severe arterial-specific clinical symptoms observed in CKD\/ESKD patients, such as arterial stiffness, vascular calcification and cardiovascular disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom16091252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T18:33:52Z","timestamp":1787942032000},"page":"1252","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Uremic Serum Alters Gene Expression Profiles and Signaling Pathway Activity in Porcine Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Youyou","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UNC Kidney Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2422-2788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kent A.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNC Kidney Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Unimunkh","family":"Uriyanghai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNC Kidney Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Wai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNC Kidney Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihaela","family":"Mocanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNC Kidney Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3692-7820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony Z.","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNC Kidney Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huanjuan","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNC Kidney Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0469-7588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lianxia","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNC Kidney Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinay A.","family":"Sudarsanam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNC Kidney Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John S.","family":"Poulton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNC Kidney Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prabir","family":"Roy-Chaudhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNC Kidney Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"},{"name":"W.G. (Bill) Hefner Salisbury Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury, NC 28144, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Xi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNC Kidney Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kisu.2017.07.007","article-title":"Complications of chronic kidney disease: Current state, knowledge gaps, and strategy for action","volume":"7","author":"Bello","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kidney Int. 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