{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T13:11:55Z","timestamp":1788959515016,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"The National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82574197"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82574197"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["82574197"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82574197"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Healthy Zhejiang One Million People Cohort","award":["K20230085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K20230085"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mucins are a class of highly glycosylated macromolecules that constitute a cornerstone of the gastrointestinal mucosal barrier and play multiple essential roles in maintaining tissue homeostasis. During the progression from normal gastric mucosa through precancerous lesions to gastric cancer and metastasis, the expression profiles, glycosylation patterns, and spatial distribution of mucins undergo systematic and programmatic alterations, a process referred to as \u201cmucin reprogramming.\u201d Recent studies have revealed that this reprogramming is by no means a passive bystander phenomenon accompanying tumorigenesis; rather, it is a central biological event that actively drives malignant transformation, shapes an immunosuppressive microenvironment, and influences therapeutic response. This article aims to systematically delineate the dynamic landscape of mucin expression changes during gastric cancer progression, to provide an in-depth analysis of the underlying molecular mechanisms, and to focus on its clinical value and translational potential in the early diagnosis, molecular classification, prognostic assessment, and targeted therapy of gastric cancer. In addition, this review also discusses recent applications of artificial intelligence in the precise identification of mucin phenotypic features. By integrating the latest research advances, this review seeks to provide new perspectives and a theoretical basis for a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of mucin reprogramming during gastric cancer progression and for the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom16091307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T12:26:11Z","timestamp":1788956771000},"page":"1307","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Stage-Specific Mucin Reprogramming Across the Gastric Cancer Cascade: Unveiling Molecular Mechanisms and Novel Therapeutic Vulnerabilities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xiao","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Clinical Big Data and Analytics of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Education Department, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of GI Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeyu","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Clinical Big Data and Analytics of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"Department of Big Data in Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kexin","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Clinical Big Data and Analytics of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"Department of Big Data in Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Clinical Big Data and Analytics of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"Department of Big Data in Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Clinical Big Data and Analytics of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"Department of Big Data in Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0146-2165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuehua","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Education Department, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of GI Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2370-6714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qinchuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Oncology, Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Education Department, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of GI Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8494-7327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huakang","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Clinical Big Data and Analytics of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"Institute of Digital and Intelligent Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"229","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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