{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T15:10:31Z","timestamp":1788966631845,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82500759"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82500759"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["82500759"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82500759"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF","award":["GZB20240394"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GZB20240394"]}]},{"name":"Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF","award":["2025M772140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025M772140"]}]},{"name":"Xiamen Health High Quality Development Project","award":["2024GZL-GG06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024GZL-GG06"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Cultivated Young Talents of Fujian Province, China","award":["2025350237"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025350237"]}]},{"name":"Fujian Provincial Health and Technology Program\u2014Young and Middle-aged Key Talent Development Project","award":["2025GGA095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025GGA095"]}]},{"name":"Young Investigator Research Program of Xiang\u2019an Hospital of Xiamen University","award":["XAH24007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XAH24007"]}]},{"award":["XAH24007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XAH24007"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00mcjh785","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003392","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2026D019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026D019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The liver has a remarkable regenerative capacity, but persistent injury caused by drugs, metabolic dysfunction, alcohol, and chronic inflammation can overwhelm this process and promote fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Interleukin-11 (IL-11), a cytokine that signals through glycoprotein 130 (gp130), was historically considered hepatoprotective; however, accumulating experimental evidence predominantly identifies endogenous IL-11 as an amplifier of liver injury and maladaptive repair. In hepatocytes, IL-11 promotes oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cell death while limiting effective regeneration. In hepatic stellate cells, it sustains myofibroblastic activation and extracellular matrix production, while crosstalk with hepatocytes, macrophages, and the matrix reinforces a fibroinflammatory niche. In hepatocellular carcinoma, experimental and associative clinical evidence implicates IL-11 in tumor growth, invasion, metastatic colonization, postoperative recurrence, stromal remodeling, and immune suppression. These findings have supported the development of therapeutic strategies targeting the IL-11\/IL-11RA axis, with the potential to provide broad therapeutic benefits across a wide spectrum of liver diseases. This review summarizes IL-11 regulation and signaling in liver disease; discusses its roles in liver injury, fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma; and evaluates the opportunities and challenges of IL-11-targeted therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom16091309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T14:02:48Z","timestamp":1788962568000},"page":"1309","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Interleukin-11 Signaling in Liver Disease: Mechanisms, Cellular Crosstalk, and Therapeutic Potential"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Zhiyuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Xiang\u2019an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xiang\u2019an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanhua","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Xiang\u2019an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meilian","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Xiang\u2019an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinwei","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianzhi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Xiang\u2019an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.09.019","article-title":"The liver","volume":"27","author":"Trefts","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.21172","article-title":"Liver regeneration","volume":"213","author":"Michalopoulos","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3623","article-title":"Liver fibrosis and repair: Immune regulation of wound healing in a solid organ","volume":"14","author":"Pellicoro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-00372-7","article-title":"Molecular and cellular mechanisms of liver fibrosis and its regression","volume":"18","author":"Kisseleva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, L., Li, X., and Zhang, F. (2025). The pivotal role of cytokines in liver disease pathogenesis and therapeutic potential. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1694582"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20220160","article-title":"Understanding interleukin 11 as a disease gene and therapeutic target","volume":"480","author":"Cook","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-041818-011649","article-title":"Hiding in Plain Sight: Interleukin-11 Emerges as a Master Regulator of Fibrosis, Tissue Integrity, and Stromal Inflammation","volume":"71","author":"Cook","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaba8146","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aba8146","article-title":"Redefining IL11 as a regeneration-limiting hepatotoxin and therapeutic target in acetaminophen-induced liver injury","volume":"13","author":"Widjaja","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramos-Tovar, E., and Muriel, P. (2020). Molecular Mechanisms That Link Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Fibrosis in the Liver. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9121279"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5579","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-13-2492","article-title":"Molecular pathways: IL11 as a tumor-promoting cytokine-translational implications for cancers","volume":"20","author":"Ernst","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-021-00861-0","article-title":"The two facets of gp130 signalling in liver tumorigenesis","volume":"43","author":"Galun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"a028415","article-title":"Interleukin-6 Family Cytokines. Cold Spring Harb","volume":"10","year":"2018","journal-title":"Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1016\/0888-7543(92)90158-O","article-title":"Genomic sequence and chromosomal location of human interleukin-11 gene (IL11)","volume":"13","author":"McKinley","year":"1992","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7512","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.19.7512","article-title":"Molecular cloning of a cDNA encoding interleukin 11, a stromal cell-derived lymphopoietic and hematopoietic cytokine","volume":"87","author":"Paul","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Metcalfe, R.D., Putoczki, T.L., and Griffin, M.D.W. (2020). Structural Understanding of Interleukin 6 Family Cytokine Signaling and Targeted Therapies: Focus on Interleukin 11. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01424"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36197","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M004648200","article-title":"Interleukin-11 signals through the formation of a hexameric receptor complex","volume":"275","author":"Barton","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7543","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42754-w","article-title":"Structures of the interleukin 11 signalling complex reveal gp130 dynamics and the inhibitory mechanism of a cytokine variant","volume":"14","author":"Metcalfe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3897","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V89.11.3897","article-title":"Interleukin-11: Review of molecular, cell biology, and clinical use","volume":"89","author":"Du","year":"1997","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2009.12.027","article-title":"Review: LIF and IL11 in trophoblast-endometrial interactions during the establishment of pregnancy","volume":"31","author":"Dimitriadis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2009.07.001","article-title":"Leukemia inhibitory factor and interleukin-11: Critical regulators in the establishment of pregnancy","volume":"20","author":"Paiva","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13650","DOI":"10.1038\/srep13650","article-title":"IL-11 induces differentiation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells through activation of STAT3 signalling pathway","volume":"5","author":"Sumida","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200206000-00016","article-title":"Interleukin-11 levels in healthy and thrombocytopenic neonates","volume":"51","author":"McCloy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2104153","DOI":"10.1080\/19420862.2022.2104153","article-title":"Development of novel ultra-sensitive IL-11 target engagement assays to support mechanistic PK\/PD modeling for an anti-IL-11 antibody therapeutic","volume":"14","author":"Myzithras","year":"2022","journal-title":"MAbs"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24676","article-title":"IL-11 is a crucial determinant of cardiovascular fibrosis","volume":"552","author":"Schafer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.05.002","article-title":"Inhibiting Interleukin 11 Signaling Reduces Hepatocyte Death and Liver Fibrosis, Inflammation, and Steatosis in Mouse Models of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis","volume":"157","author":"Widjaja","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2013.06.017","article-title":"Interleukin-11 is the dominant IL-6 family cytokine during gastrointestinal tumorigenesis and can be targeted therapeutically","volume":"24","author":"Putoczki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8530","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-52810-8","article-title":"Interleukin-11 causes alveolar type 2 cell dysfunction and prevents alveolar regeneration","volume":"15","author":"Ng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20303-z","article-title":"Hepatocyte-specific IL11 cis-signaling drives lipotoxicity and underlies the transition from NAFLD to NASH","volume":"12","author":"Dong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.07.005","article-title":"Renal Fibrosis Is Alleviated through Targeted Inhibition of IL-11-Induced Renal Tubular Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition","volume":"193","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15013","article-title":"IL-11 in cardiac and renal fibrosis: Late to the party but a central player","volume":"177","author":"Corden","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785021","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1785021","article-title":"Generation of Soluble Interleukin-11 and Interleukin-6 Receptors: A Crucial Function for Proteases during Inflammation","volume":"2016","author":"Lokau","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2534","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V86.7.2534.bloodjournal8672534","article-title":"Molecular cloning of two isoforms of a receptor for the human hematopoietic cytokine interleukin-11","volume":"86","author":"Sorel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30986","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.48.30986","article-title":"Functional expression of soluble human interleukin-11 (IL-11) receptor alpha and stoichiometry of in vitro IL-11 receptor complexes with gp130","volume":"271","author":"Neddermann","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21380","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202002087R","article-title":"Interleukin-11 (IL-11) receptor cleavage by the rhomboid protease RHBDL2 induces IL-11 trans-signaling","volume":"35","author":"Koch","year":"2021","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46235-6","article-title":"Structural insights into IL-11-mediated signalling and human IL6ST variant-associated immunodeficiency","volume":"15","author":"Gardner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1042\/bj20030407","article-title":"Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation","volume":"374","author":"Heinrich","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-018-0066-7","article-title":"Recent insights into targeting the IL-6 cytokine family in inflammatory diseases and cancer","volume":"18","author":"Jones","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2016.06.002","article-title":"A panoramic review and in silico analysis of IL-11 structure and function","volume":"32","author":"Negahdaripour","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"1369","article-title":"Molecular cloning and characterization of murine interleukin-11","volume":"24","author":"Morris","year":"1996","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510300616","article-title":"Interleukin-11 reduces T-cell-dependent experimental liver injury in mice","volume":"30","author":"Bozza","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1080\/019262301317052521","article-title":"Protective effect of rhIL-11 in a murine model of acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity","volume":"29","author":"Trepicchio","year":"2001","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1097\/01.shk.0000103386.98235.f6","article-title":"A protective role of interleukin 11 on hepatic injury in acute endotoxemia","volume":"21","author":"Maeshima","year":"2004","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, M., Lu, B., Cao, Q., Wu, Z., Xu, Z., Li, W., Yao, X., and Liu, F. (2015). IL-11 Attenuates Liver Ischemia\/Reperfusion Injury (IRI) through STAT3 Signaling Pathway in Mice. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0126296"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinre.2015.11.009","article-title":"Interleukin-11 protects mouse liver from warm ischemia\/reperfusion (WI\/Rp) injury","volume":"40","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Res. Hepatol. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ra5","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.2002056","article-title":"Interleukin-11 links oxidative stress and compensatory proliferation","volume":"5","author":"Nishina","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Signal."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2004.40047.x","article-title":"A pilot study of interleukin-11 in subjects with chronic hepatitis C and advanced liver disease nonresponsive to antiviral therapy","volume":"99","author":"Lawitz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-326076","article-title":"Interleukin-11 drives human and mouse alcohol-related liver disease","volume":"72","author":"Effenberger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121974","article-title":"The effect of hepatic stellate cell derived-IL-11 on hepatocyte injury in hepatic fibrosis","volume":"330","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.07.058","article-title":"Hepatectomy promotes recurrence of liver cancer by enhancing IL-11-STAT3 signaling","volume":"46","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"eBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-025-00913-w","article-title":"IL-11\/IL-11R signal inhibition by 9MW3811 remodels immune tumor microenvironment and enhances anti-tumor efficacy of PD-1 blockade","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"npj Precis. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.113975","article-title":"Nidogen 1-enriched extracellular vesicles promote liver metastasis by inducing EMT and activating stellate cells","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-025-07937-x","article-title":"MCM7 promotes liver fibrosis by transcriptionally regulating IL11 via the SHCBP1-RACGAP1-STAT3 axis","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.119659","article-title":"Hepatic Stellate Cell-derived IL-11 Exacerbates Liver Fibrosis via Interplay between HSCs and Macrophages","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2014.03.010","article-title":"A long noncoding RNA activated by TGF-\u03b2 promotes the invasion-metastasis cascade in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"25","author":"Yuan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, J., Lim, W.W., Shekeran, S.G., Tan, J., Lim, S.Y., Goh, J.W.T., George, B.L., Schafer, S., Cook, S.A., and Widjaja, A.A. (2022). Hepatocyte Specific gp130 Signalling Underlies APAP Induced Liver Injury. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23137089"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19124","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-45449-w","article-title":"m(6)A modification of AC026356.1 facilitates hepatocellular carcinoma progression by regulating the IGF2BP1-IL11 axis","volume":"13","author":"Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"1591","article-title":"miR-23b inhibits proliferation of SMMC-7721 cells by directly targeting IL-11","volume":"18","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"3972","article-title":"MicroRNA-124a inhibits cell proliferation and migration in liver cancer by regulating interleukin-11","volume":"17","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6001","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-011-1413-y","article-title":"Expression of connective tissue growth factor and interleukin-11 in intratumoral tissue is associated with poor survival after curative resection of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"39","author":"Xiang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37070","DOI":"10.1038\/srep37070","article-title":"TMED3 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression via IL-11\/STAT3 signaling","volume":"6","author":"Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2010-0358","article-title":"Potential prognostic biomarkers for bone metastasis from hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"16","author":"Xiang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-011-1060-7","article-title":"A clinicopathological model to predict bone metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"137","author":"Xiang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-012-1370-4","article-title":"Enhanced production of CTGF and IL-11 from highly metastatic hepatoma cells under hypoxic conditions: An implication of hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis to bone","volume":"139","author":"Gao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.08.007","article-title":"IL-11 drives postsurgical hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence","volume":"47","author":"Lauko","year":"2019","journal-title":"eBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2021.5023","article-title":"Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibit IL-11\/STAT3 signaling in hepatocytes during acetaminophen hepatotoxicity","volume":"48","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.4196\/kjpp.2024.28.3.285","article-title":"Fibroblast-derived interleukin-6 exacerbates adverse cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Korean J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2024.150938","article-title":"Interleukin-11 signaling plays limited roles for liver fibrosis in a mouse model of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis","volume":"739","author":"Tsuchiya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M116.744755","article-title":"Critical Contribution of Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-related Factor 2 (NRF2) to Electrophile-induced Interleukin-11 Production","volume":"292","author":"Nishina","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI59623","article-title":"Autocrine production of IL-11 mediates tumorigenicity in hypoxic cancer cells","volume":"123","author":"Onnis","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4308","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24631-6","article-title":"The HIF target MAFF promotes tumor invasion and metastasis through IL11 and STAT3 signaling","volume":"12","author":"Moon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2009.07.087","article-title":"Mechanical stress induces Interleukin-11 expression to stimulate osteoblast differentiation","volume":"45","author":"Kido","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kido, S., Kuriwaka-Kido, R., Umino-Miyatani, Y., Endo, I., Inoue, D., Taniguchi, H., Inoue, Y., Imamura, T., and Matsumoto, T. (2010). Mechanical stress activates Smad pathway through PKC\u03b4 to enhance interleukin-11 gene transcription in osteoblasts. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013090"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2421","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.152.5.2421","article-title":"IL-1 and transforming growth factor-beta regulation of fibroblast-derived IL-11","volume":"152","author":"Elias","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5506","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.10.5506","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-beta stimulates interleukin-11 transcription via complex activating protein-1-dependent pathways","volume":"273","author":"Tang","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2098","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.25167","article-title":"Expression of the IL-11 Gene in Metastatic Cells Is Supported by Runx2-Smad and Runx2-cJun Complexes Induced by TGF\u03b21","volume":"116","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2467","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgs297","article-title":"Transcriptional regulation of the interleukin-11 gene by oncogenic Ras","volume":"33","author":"Shin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pollari, S., Leivonen, S.K., Per\u00e4l\u00e4, M., Fey, V., K\u00e4k\u00f6nen, S.M., and Kallioniemi, O. (2012). Identification of microRNAs inhibiting TGF-\u03b2-induced IL-11 production in bone metastatic breast cancer cells. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037361"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-019-1082-3","article-title":"YTHDF2 reduction fuels inflammation and vascular abnormalization in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"18","author":"Hou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4778","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.70490","article-title":"KCTD10 weakens m6A modification of IL-11 in a ubiquitin-dependent manner to repress tumour immune escape in lung adenocarcinoma","volume":"183","author":"Xu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16368","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-46619-2","article-title":"IL-11-IL6ST-STAT3 signaling defines a convergent inflammatory axis in esophageal cancer subtypes","volume":"16","author":"Rasool","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"1727","article-title":"STAT3 and STAT1 mediate IL-11-dependent and inflammation-associated gastric tumorigenesis in gp130 receptor mutant mice","volume":"118","author":"Ernst","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1038\/ni932","article-title":"SOCS3 regulates the plasticity of gp130 signaling","volume":"4","author":"Lang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1126\/science.278.5344.1803","article-title":"Specific inhibition of Stat3 signal transduction by PIAS3","volume":"278","author":"Chung","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-019-0451-2","article-title":"The multi-site docking protein Grb2-associated binder 1 (Gab1) enhances interleukin-6-induced MAPK-pathway activation in an SHP2-, Grb2-, and time-dependent manner","volume":"17","author":"Bongartz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7948","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1203362","article-title":"ERK activation induces phosphorylation of Elk-1 at multiple S\/T-P motifs to high stoichiometry","volume":"18","author":"Cruzalegui","year":"1999","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb822","article-title":"Molecular interpretation of ERK signal duration by immediate early gene products","volume":"4","author":"Murphy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1002\/1878-0261.13732","article-title":"ERK1\/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase dimerization is essential for the regulation of cell motility","volume":"19","author":"Cappitelli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2011.02.031","article-title":"ERK-MAPK drives lamellipodia protrusion by activating the WAVE2 regulatory complex","volume":"41","author":"Mendoza","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5820","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keab168","article-title":"IL11 is elevated in systemic sclerosis and IL11-dependent ERK signalling underlies TGF\u03b2-mediated activation of dermal fibroblasts","volume":"60","author":"Adami","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104806","article-title":"IL11 stimulates ERK\/P90RSK to inhibit LKB1\/AMPK and activate mTOR initiating a mesenchymal program in stromal, epithelial, and cancer cells","volume":"25","author":"Widjaja","year":"2022","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.04.001","article-title":"AKT\/PKB Signaling: Navigating the Network","volume":"169","author":"Manning","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.02.004","article-title":"mTOR Signaling in Growth, Metabolism, and Disease","volume":"168","author":"Saxton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.20100","article-title":"Interleukin 11 signaling in 3T3-L1 adipocytes","volume":"202","author":"Tenney","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10304","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M312757200","article-title":"Functional expression of the interleukin-11 receptor alpha-chain and evidence of antiapoptotic effects in human colonic epithelial cells","volume":"279","author":"Kiessling","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"869","article-title":"Expression of interleukin (IL)-11 and IL-11 receptor in human colorectal adenocarcinoma: IL-11 up-regulation of the invasive and proliferative activity of human colorectal carcinoma cells","volume":"29","author":"Yoshizaki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59652","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.10831","article-title":"Interleukin-11 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells through PI3K\/Akt\/GSK3\u03b2 signaling pathway activation","volume":"7","author":"Zhong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4638","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.56185","article-title":"IL-11 mediates the Radioresistance of Cervical Cancer Cells via the PI3K\/Akt Signaling Pathway","volume":"12","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7497","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-35306-1","article-title":"Targeting endogenous kidney regeneration using anti-IL11 therapy in acute and chronic models of kidney disease","volume":"13","author":"Widjaja","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e68843","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.68843","article-title":"The pro-regenerative effects of hyperIL6 in drug-induced liver injury are unexpectedly due to competitive inhibition of IL11 signaling","volume":"10","author":"Dong","year":"2021","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.161896","article-title":"Flos Puerariae-derived exosomes-like nanoparticles ameliorate alcoholic liver disease by targeting IL-11-related signaling pathways and reactive oxygen species","volume":"512","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07701-9","article-title":"Inhibition of IL-11 signalling extends mammalian healthspan and lifespan","volume":"632","author":"Widjaja","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00013.2007","article-title":"Hepatic stellate cells: Protean, multifunctional, and enigmatic cells of the liver","volume":"88","author":"Friedman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2823","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3823","article-title":"Fate tracing reveals hepatic stellate cells as dominant contributors to liver fibrosis independent of its aetiology","volume":"4","author":"Mederacke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-00411-3","article-title":"Role of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells in liver diseases","volume":"18","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2015.03.017","article-title":"The Cholangiopathies","volume":"90","author":"Lazaridis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3837","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.7.3837","article-title":"IL-11 activates human endothelial cells to resist immune-mediated injury","volume":"164","author":"Mahboubi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.11.037","article-title":"Emerging Biological Principles of Metastasis","volume":"168","author":"Lambert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.11.018","article-title":"BCLC strategy for prognosis prediction and treatment recommendation: The 2022 update","volume":"76","author":"Reig","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-0342-4","article-title":"Liver regeneration: Biological and pathological mechanisms and implications","volume":"18","author":"Michalopoulos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.2217\/imt.15.17","article-title":"IL-11 signaling as a therapeutic target for cancer","volume":"7","author":"Putoczki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunotherapy"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-04079-6","article-title":"Pharmacologic inhibition of IL11\/STAT3 signaling increases MHC-I expression and T cell infiltration","volume":"21","author":"Xiong","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1713263","article-title":"Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"380","author":"Villanueva","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31754","article-title":"Myofibroblast-Specific Msi2 Knockout Inhibits HCC Progression in a Mouse Model","volume":"74","author":"Qu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03362-0","article-title":"NASH limits anti-tumour surveillance in immunotherapy-treated HCC","volume":"592","author":"Pfister","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-19-1023","article-title":"Host IL11 Signaling Suppresses CD4(+) T cell-Mediated Antitumor Responses to Colon Cancer in Mice","volume":"9","author":"Huynh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2306348","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202306348","article-title":"Brain Metastasis from EGFR-Mutated Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Secretion of IL11 from Astrocytes Up-Regulates PDL1 and Promotes Immune Escape","volume":"11","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2080","DOI":"10.1158\/1538-7445.AM2026-2080","article-title":"Abstract 2080: Aged-induced increases in IL-11 leads to immune escape and PD-1 resistance in melanoma through myeloid cell polarization","volume":"86","author":"Emmons","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14852","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c03217","article-title":"Nanoparticle-Mediated RNA Therapy Attenuates Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis and Related Fibrosis by Targeting Activated Hepatic Stellate Cells","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34375","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c13404","article-title":"Prevent and Reverse Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis and Hepatic Fibrosis via mRNA-Mediated Liver-Specific Antibody Therapy","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10573","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.10573","article-title":"An engineered interleukin-11 decoy cytokine inhibits receptor signaling and proliferation in lung adenocarcinoma","volume":"8","author":"McIntosh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioeng. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2024.106953","article-title":"Site-specific dimerization of interleukin-11 alleviates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice","volume":"204","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8429","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.4c03185","article-title":"Development of a Long-Acting Interleukin-11 Antagonist for the Treatment of Renal Fibrosis","volume":"68","author":"Pang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2024.118017","article-title":"De novo discovery of cyclic peptide inhibitors of IL-11 signaling","volume":"119","author":"Lear","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20377","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.5c01432","article-title":"De Novo Discovery of a Macrocyclic Peptide Antagonist of Interleukin-11 with Antirenal Fibrotic Efficacy","volume":"68","author":"An","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2026.110200","article-title":"Design and discovery of a novel interleukin-11 derived peptide with antagonistic activity for the treatment of renal fibrosis","volume":"180","author":"Pang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Bioorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2016.04.013","article-title":"Interleukin-11 Receptor Is a Candidate Target for Ligand-Directed Therapy in Lung Cancer: Analysis of Clinical Samples and BMTP-11 Preclinical Activity","volume":"186","author":"Sato","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2411","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.29344","article-title":"Targeting the interleukin-11 receptor \u03b1 in metastatic prostate cancer: A first-in-man study","volume":"121","author":"Pasqualini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-11-2778","article-title":"Genetically modified T cells targeting interleukin-11 receptor \u03b1-chain kill human osteosarcoma cells and induce the regression of established osteosarcoma lung metastases","volume":"72","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"Np1","DOI":"10.1177\/1533034615604785","article-title":"Binding Specificity of Radiolabeled Cyclic Peptide 153Sm-DTPA-c(CGRRAGGSC) to MHCC97-H Human Liver Cancer Cells and its Antitumor Effects in vivo","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Technol. Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2022.08.048","article-title":"IL-11R\u03b1-targeted nanostrategy empowers chemotherapy of relapsed and patient-derived osteosarcoma","volume":"350","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55981","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c11516","article-title":"IL-11-Engineered Macrophage Membrane-Coated Reactive Oxygen Species-Responsive Nanoparticles for Targeted Delivery of Doxorubicin to Osteosarcoma","volume":"16","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_132","first-page":"83","article-title":"TME-responsive nanocomposite hydrogel with targeted capacity for enhanced synergistic chemoimmunotherapy of MYC-amplified osteosarcoma","volume":"47","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_133","unstructured":"Boehringer, I. (2026, August 21). A Study to Test How Different Doses of BI 765423 Are Taken Up in the Body of Healthy Men, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT05658107."},{"key":"ref_134","unstructured":"Boehringer, I. (2026, August 21). A Study to Find Out Whether BI 765423 Has an Effect on Lung Function in People with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) With or Without Standard Treatment, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT07036523."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20361","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-51600-0","article-title":"IL-11 receptor is a novel target for drug development with pharmacological activity in fibro-inflammatory disease","volume":"16","author":"King","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_136","unstructured":"Mabwell Bioscience Co., Ltd. (2026, August 21). A Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetic Properties of 9MW3811 in Healthy Subjects, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT05740475."},{"key":"ref_137","unstructured":"Mabwell Bioscience Co., Ltd. (2026, August 21). A Phase II Study of 9MW3811 in Patients with Pathological Scar, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT07576608."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Association for the Study of the Liver (2018). EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of patients with decompensated cirrhosis. J. Hepatol., 69, 406\u2013460.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.08.009"}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/16\/9\/1309\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T14:16:56Z","timestamp":1788963416000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/16\/9\/1309"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"references-count":138,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["biom16091309"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom16091309","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-273X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]}}}