{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T09:09:16Z","timestamp":1789031356402,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002842","name":"Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["170-68"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["170-68"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002842","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["170-68"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["170-68"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05m2fqn25","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fundamental Fund 2027, Chiang Mai University"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05m2fqn25","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a major cause of cancer-related mortality. Current therapies are limited by drug resistance and adverse effects, highlighting the need for new strategies. Panduratin A (PA), a chalcone from Boesenbergia rotunda, has reported anticancer activity. This study investigated the effects of PA in NSCLC cells and whether PA enhances tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1)-associated cell death. Methods: Human NSCLC cell lines A549 and H1299 were treated with PA alone or in combination with TNF-\u03b1. Cytotoxicity and apoptosis were assessed using cell-viability assays, cell-number analysis, and flow cytometry. Western blotting was used to evaluate caspase-3 activation and PARP-1 cleavage. Cell-cycle distribution was analyzed to determine the impact of PA on cell-cycle progression. Results: PA reduced cell number and induced cell death in both A549 and H1299 cells, and co-treatment with TNF-\u03b1 increased apoptosis compared with single-agent treatment. PA increased the G1-phase fraction and, in a concentration-dependent manner, reduced expression of thymidine kinase and cyclin A2, consistent with a G1-associated arrest phenotype. Combination treatment also increased the sub-G1 population. Conclusions: PA promotes apoptosis in NSCLC cells and enhances TNF-\u03b1-associated apoptotic cell death in vitro, accompanied by a G1-associated cell-cycle phenotype. These findings provide an in vitro framework for studying natural compounds as modulators of TNF-\u03b1-driven apoptosis and support further mechanistic validation in more disease-relevant models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom16091312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T08:07:41Z","timestamp":1789027661000},"page":"1312","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Panduratin A Induces Caspase-Dependent Apoptosis and G1-Associated Cell-Cycle Arrest and Enhances TNF-\u03b1-Associated Cytotoxicity in NSCLC Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6730-3208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nitchakarn","family":"Phimthong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"PhD\u2019s Degree Program in Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Jatuporn","family":"Polhiran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8951-8532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saranyapin","family":"Potikanond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4794-8539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wutigri","family":"Nimlamool","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Lanna Rice Research Center, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0708-0328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nitwara","family":"Wikan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Lanna Rice Research Center, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"12","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2024","volume":"74","author":"Siegel","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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