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Although the mechanisms underlying sex differences in spondyloarthritis remain incompletely understood, emerging evidence suggests clinically relevant differences in disease manifestations, inflammatory activity, and CV outcomes between males and females. This review summarizes current evidence on the interplay between sex, sex hormones, inflammatory burden, and CV risk in patients with spondyloarthritis, and highlights potential implications for risk stratification and future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom16091345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T07:58:59Z","timestamp":1789545539000},"page":"1345","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sex, Sex Hormones and Inflammatory Burden and Cardiovascular Risk in Patients with Spondyloarthritis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5074-2948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isaac T.","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ho","family":"So","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6410-8852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lai Shan","family":"Tam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1177\/1759720X18773726","article-title":"Ankylosing spondylitis and axial spondyloarthritis: Recent insights and impact of new classification criteria","volume":"10","author":"Proft","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther. 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