{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:33:56Z","timestamp":1787027636549,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,24]],"date-time":"2013-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1379980800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Previous studies revealed that pesticides interact with \u03b1-synuclein and accelerate the rate of fibrillation. These results are consistent with the prevailing hypothesis that the direct interaction of \u03b1-synuclein with pesticides is one of many suspected factors leading to \u03b1-synuclein fibrillation and ultimately to Parkinson\u2019s disease. In this study, the biophysical properties and fibrillation kinetics of \u03b1-synuclein in the presence of rotenone were investigated and, more specifically, the effects of rotenone on the early-stage misfolded forms of \u03b1-synuclein were considered. The thioflavine T (ThT) fluorescence assay studies provide evidence that early-phase misfolded \u03b1-synuclein forms are affected by rotenone and that the fibrillation process is accelerated. Further characterization by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) shows that rotenone increases the amount  of ordered secondary structure in this intrinsically disordered protein. Morphological characterization by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) provide visualization of the differences in the aggregated \u03b1-synuclein species developing during the early kinetics of the fibrillation process in the absence and presence of rotenone. We believe that these data provide useful information for a better understanding of the molecular basis of rotenone-induced misfolding and aggregation of \u03b1-synuclein.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom3030703","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,24]],"date-time":"2013-09-24T13:38:52Z","timestamp":1380029932000},"page":"703-732","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Biophysical Characterization of \u03b1-Synuclein and  Rotenone Interaction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Blanca","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00d3l\u00f6f","family":"Einarsd\u00f3ttir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Fink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4037-5857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir","family":"Uversky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer\u2019s Research Institute,  Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida; 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC 7, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"},{"name":"Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142292,  Moscow Region, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7567","article-title":"Neurodegenerative diseases: An overview of environmental risk factors","volume":"113","author":"Brown","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2007.06.003","article-title":"The economic impact of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"13","author":"Findley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. 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