{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T04:06:41Z","timestamp":1780718801431,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,3]],"date-time":"2015-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1449100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fallopian adenocarcinoma is a rare malignancy arising in the epithelium of the fallopian tube. Fallopian tube epithelium has been proposed as a tissue origin for high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma, the deadliest gynecologic malignancy. Given the commonalities in dissemination and treatment of these malignancies, we contemplated the possibility of similar patterns of gene expression underlying their progression. To reveal potential similarities or differences in the gene expression of fallopian adenocarcinoma and high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma, we tested expression of the fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1) and its ligand, fractalkine (CX3CL1), in the specimens of normal and pathologic fallopian tube using immunohistochemistry. Our data show that CX3CR1 is expressed in the normal, cancer adjacent normal, inflammatory, and malignant fallopian epithelium. CX3CL1 was expressed only by the normal and cancer adjacent normal fallopian tube epithelium; its expression was largely lost in the inflammatory and malignant fallopian epithelium. In opposite, both CX3CR1 and CX3CL1 are expressed in high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma. These findings are consistent with an idea that fallopian adenocarcinoma and high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma, although currently thought to arise from the same organ, may not share similar molecular characteristics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom5043438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,3]],"date-time":"2015-12-03T11:12:09Z","timestamp":1449141129000},"page":"3438-3447","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Examination of the Fractalkine and Fractalkine Receptor Expression in Fallopian Adenocarcinoma Reveals Differences When Compared to Ovarian Carcinoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Hilal","family":"Gurler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virgilia","family":"Macias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andre","family":"Kajdacsy-Balla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Barbolina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2013.03.023","article-title":"Primary fallopian tube carcinoma","volume":"169","author":"Kalampokas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s10147-010-0128-8","article-title":"Primary fallopian tube carcinoma: A clinicopathological analysis of a rare entity","volume":"16","author":"Koo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.11-8-902","article-title":"Fallopian tube carcinoma: A review","volume":"11","author":"Pectasides","year":"2006","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2007.09.018","article-title":"The incidence of primary fallopian tube cancer in the United States","volume":"107","author":"Stewart","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fathalla, M.F. (1971). Incessant ovulation\u2014A factor in ovarian neoplasia?. Lancet.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(71)92335-X"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"303","article-title":"Surface epithelium of the developing ovary. Possible correlation with ovarian neoplasia","volume":"81","author":"Gondos","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2013.12.015","article-title":"Exposure of fallopian tube epithelium to follicular fluid mimics carcinogenic changes in precursor lesions of serous papillary carcinoma","volume":"132","author":"Brand","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(08)70308-5","article-title":"The cell of origin of ovarian epithelial tumours","volume":"9","author":"Dubeau","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"viii28","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdt308","article-title":"Coming into focus: The nonovarian origins of ovarian cancer","volume":"S24","author":"Dubeau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"x16","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdt463","article-title":"Origin and molecular pathogenesis of ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma","volume":"S24","author":"Kurman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2012.12.006","article-title":"Serial sectioning of the fallopian tube allows for improved identification of primary fallopian tube carcinoma","volume":"129","author":"Lengyel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2013.10.013","article-title":"Transformation of the fallopian tube secretory epithelium leads to high-grade serous ovarian cancer in Brca;Tp53;Pten models","volume":"24","author":"Perets","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piek, J.M., Verheijen, R.H., Kenemans, P., Massuger, L.F., Bulten, H., and van Diest, P.J. (2003). BRCA1\/2-related ovarian cancers are of tubal origin: A hypothesis. Gynecol. Oncol.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-8258(03)00365-2"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/his.12046","article-title":"Fallopian tube precursors of ovarian low- and high-grade serous neoplasms","volume":"62","author":"Vang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"930","article-title":"Primary bilateral fallopian tube carcinoma the report of a single case with review of the literature","volume":"7","author":"Hariprasad","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2013.1232","article-title":"Complete remission of platinum-refractory primary Fallopian tube carcinoma with third-line gemcitabine plus cisplatin: A case report and review of the literature","volume":"5","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2013.2439","article-title":"Investigation of the clinicopathological features of fallopian tube malignancy","volume":"30","author":"Yokoyama","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2076","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(20001115)89:10<2076::AID-CNCR7>3.0.CO;2-V","article-title":"Carcinoma of the fallopian tube","volume":"89","author":"Baekelandt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1990.tb02577.x","article-title":"The management of primary fallopian tube carcinoma","volume":"97","author":"Gurney","year":"1990","journal-title":"Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2009.06.025","article-title":"Primary fallopian tube carcinoma: Results of a retrospective analysis of 64 patients","volume":"115","author":"Pectasides","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-2115(99)00264-X","article-title":"Primary carcinoma of the fallopian tube: Study of 11 cases","volume":"91","author":"Piura","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"149","article-title":"Refractory fallopian tube carcinoma\u2014Current perspectives in pathogenesis and management","volume":"6","author":"Sama","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Womens Health"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00007475","article-title":"Treatment of fallopian tube cancer. Review of the literature","volume":"264","author":"Takeshima","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2007.09.027","article-title":"Serous fallopian tube carcinoma: A retrospective, multi-institutional case-control comparison to serous adenocarcinoma of the ovary","volume":"107","author":"Moore","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s00280-013-2173-2","article-title":"A phase II study of modified dose-dense paclitaxel and every 4-week carboplatin for the treatment of advanced-stage primary epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube, or peritoneal carcinoma","volume":"72","author":"Abaid","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1097\/IGC.0b013e31826a3559","article-title":"Maximal cytoreduction in patients with FIGO stage IIIC to stage IV ovarian, fallopian, and peritoneal cancer in day-to-day practice: A Retrospective French Multicentric Study","volume":"22","author":"Luyckx","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2013.12.018","article-title":"A phase II evaluation of AMG 102 (rilotumumab) in the treatment of persistent or recurrent epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube or primary peritoneal carcinoma: A Gynecologic Oncology Group study","volume":"132","author":"Martin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1097\/IGC.0b013e31828566f1","article-title":"Increased incidence of severe gastrointestinal events with first-line paclitaxel, carboplatin, and vorinostat chemotherapy for advanced-stage epithelial ovarian, primary peritoneal, and fallopian tube cancer","volume":"23","author":"Mendivil","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1097\/IGC.0b013e3182866944","article-title":"Weekly topotecan for recurrent ovarian, fallopian tube and primary peritoneal carcinoma: Tolerability and efficacy study--the Israeli experience","volume":"23","author":"Safra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2013.01.006","article-title":"A phase II evaluation of motesanib (AMG 706) in the treatment of persistent or recurrent ovarian, fallopian tube and primary peritoneal carcinomas: A Gynecologic Oncology Group study","volume":"129","author":"Schilder","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1388","article-title":"Cancer and the chemokine network","volume":"4","author":"Balkwill","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms15010361","article-title":"Chemokine receptors in epithelial ovarian cancer","volume":"15","author":"Muralidhar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-11-0256","article-title":"Fractalkine receptor CX(3)CR1 is expressed in epithelial ovarian carcinoma cells and required for motility and adhesion to peritoneal mesothelial cells","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21546","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021546","article-title":"Identification of the chemokine CX3CL1 as a new regulator of malignant cell proliferation in epithelial ovarian cancer","volume":"6","author":"Gaudin","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.188.1.193","article-title":"In vivo inhibition of CC and CX3C chemokine-induced leukocyte infiltration and attenuation of glomerulonephritis in Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats by vMIP-II","volume":"188","author":"Chen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.104.003277","article-title":"Viral macrophage inflammatory protein-II and fractalkine (CX3CL1) chimeras identify molecular determinants of affinity, efficacy, and selectivity at CX3CR1","volume":"66","author":"Davis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0308158","article-title":"An engineered CX3CR1 antagonist endowed with anti-inflammatory activity","volume":"86","author":"Dorgham","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deh085","article-title":"Expression of fractalkine in the Fallopian tube and of CX3CR1 in sperm","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"4244S","article-title":"Use of a monoclonal anti-estrogen receptor antibody in the immunohistochemical evaluation of human tumors","volume":"46","author":"McCarty","year":"1986","journal-title":"Cancer Res."}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/5\/4\/3438\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:53:17Z","timestamp":1760215997000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/5\/4\/3438"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,3]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]}},"alternative-id":["biom5043438"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom5043438","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-273X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,3]]}}}