{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T21:15:39Z","timestamp":1788902139565,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,29]],"date-time":"2019-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548720000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Silver-based nanostructures are suitable for many biomedical applications, but to be useful therapeutic agents, the high toxicity of these nanomaterials must be eliminated. Here, we biosynthesize nontoxic and ultra-small silver nanoclusters (rsAg@NCs) using metabolites of usnioid lichen (a symbiotic association of algae and fungi) that exhibit excellent antimicrobial activity against fluconazole (FCZ)-resistant Candida albicans that is many times higher than chemically synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and FCZ. The rsAg@NCs trigger apoptosis via reactive oxygen species accumulation that leads to the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, DNA fragmentation, chromosomal condensation, and the activation of metacaspases. The proteomic analysis clearly demonstrates that rsAg@NCs exposure significantly alters protein expression. Most remarkable among the down-regulated proteins are those related to glycolysis, metabolism, free radical scavenging, anti-apoptosis, and mitochondrial function. In contrast, proteins involved in plasma membrane function, oxidative stress, cell death, and apoptosis were upregulated. Eventually, we also established that the apoptosis-inducing potential of rsAg@NCs is due to the activation of Ras signaling, which confirms their application in combating FCZ-resistant C. albicans infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9020047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,30]],"date-time":"2019-01-30T10:58:27Z","timestamp":1548845907000},"page":"47","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Non-Toxic and Ultra-Small Biosilver Nanoclusters Trigger Apoptotic Cell Death in Fluconazole-Resistant Candida albicans via Ras Signaling"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"family":"Prateeksha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbal Nanobiotechnology Lab, Pharmacology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Braj","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Excellence in Materials Science (Nanomaterials), Z.H. College of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1565-5918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vijai","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ERA Chair of Green Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology (TUT), 12618 Tallinn, Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farah","family":"Deeba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Ecology and Climate Change Science Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajesh","family":"Bajpai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lichenology Laboratory, Plant Biodiversity and Conservation Biology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3006-7738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vivek","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Ecology and Climate Change Science Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alim","family":"Naqvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Excellence in Materials Science (Nanomaterials), Z.H. College of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dalip","family":"Upreti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lichenology Laboratory, Plant Biodiversity and Conservation Biology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Gathergood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ERA Chair of Green Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology (TUT), 12618 Tallinn, Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4648-9572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yueming","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9712-2033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hesham","family":"El Enshasy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3544-5790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Essam","family":"Sholkamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashraf","family":"Mostafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abd","family":"Hesham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meta-Genome Biotechnology, Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brahma","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbal Nanobiotechnology Lab, Pharmacology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1038\/35021206","article-title":"Changing patterns of infectious disease","volume":"406","author":"Cohen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2011.07.002","article-title":"\u201cNanoantibiotics\u201d: A new paradigm for treating infectious diseases using nanomaterials in the antibiotics resistant era","volume":"156","author":"Huh","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. 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